在英语高中学习中，通常会学到一些否定的句子，句子绕绕绕去，让人琢磨不透句意，以下是一些常见的看似否定，实则肯定的句型。

“I can’t help but”（我忍不住）
例句：I can’t help but admire her talent.（我忍不住对她的才华佩服。）

“There is not a single doubt that”（毫无疑问）
例句：There is not a single doubt that she will succeed.（毫无疑问她会成功。）

“I cannot disagree that”（我不能不同意）
例句：I cannot disagree that the project is well-executed.（我不能不同意这个项目执行得很好。）

“It is impossible not to”（不可能不）
例句：It is impossible not to appreciate his dedication.（不可能不欣赏他的奉献精神。）

“There is no denying that”（不可否认）
例句：There is no denying that she is a talented musician.（不可否认她是一位有才华的音乐家。）

can/could not…too（无论怎样也不过分）
例如:You can never be too careful in performing an experiment.做实验越仔细越好。

can/couldnot….enough（无论怎么都不够，表示强烈的肯定）
例如:I cannot thank you enough. 我对你感激不尽。

nothing but（只有，只不过，含肯定意义）
例如:We couldsee nothingbutwater. 我们只看见一大片水。

never too.….to是对too.…to的再否定，表示肯定。
例如: It is never too late to give up prejudices.放弃偏见永远不晚。

not…without…没有……就没有; 在这个句型中，使用两个否定，用来加强语气，表示肯定意义。
例如:One cannot live even a fewminutes withoutair. 没有空气，人们甚至连几分钟也不能生存

nothing if not表示“极其”，含强烈的肯定意义。
例如:The story was nothing if not interesting故事极其有趣。

nothing less than表示“完全是”，有肯定的含义。
例如:His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。

too…not to表示“太……不会不……”，具有肯定意义。
例如:His speech was too good not to stir the audience.他的演讲太好了，不会不使观众轰动。

no的否定意义很强，和具有否定意义的名词连用，来表示强烈的肯定。
例如:There is no question that Mr.Smith is the boss.毫无疑问，史密斯先生就是老板。

not…until/till表示“直到……才”，具有肯定的意义。

双重否定

双重否定表示强烈的肯定。否定+否定=肯定，加强句子的肯定语气，这样的双重否定句被称之为肯定型双重否定句。

1)谓语否定+状语否定
You cannot make eggrolls with out breaking eggs不打破鸡蛋，就无法做出蛋卷来。(即:有失才有得。)

2)主语否定+状语否定
In some countries no major business is carried on without eye contact, requiring face to face conversation在有些国家，一切公事都要面对面地进行，需要当面交谈。

3)主语否定+谓语否定
Nobody does not believe in him人人相信他。

4)谓语否定+宾语否定
We can’t afford not to believe the missile attack我们不得不相信这导弹袭击是真的。

5)主语否定+宾语否定
Nobody has no access to the sporting facilities人人都可以使用这些体育器材。

6)主语否定+补语否定
Nothing is nothing at all. 没有一件事是微不足道的。

7)否定词+否定意义的动词/名词/形容词/副词
There is no denying the fact that your action has affected her normal life不可否认，你的行为已经影响了她的正常生活。

8)主句否定+从句否定
In the neighborhood there is nobody who does not knowme在这儿，我绝对是个名人。
There is no rule but has exceptions任何规则都有例外。

Extra句型

以Why don’t you….和Why not…开头的疑问句往往表示邀请、建议、指导等，具有肯定意义。
例如:Whv not come and see metomorrow?明天来看我怎么样?

nothing(或no+名词)but….只有;仅仅;
Nothingbut=only，表示肯定意义，
例如:No one but him in our class can swim across the river.在我们班上，只有他能游过这条河。

祈使疑问句:否定感叹疑问句表示的肯定表示肯定意义。
例如:Isn’t the film wonderful?多么好的一部影片啊!

hardly/scarcely.…when一(刚)…就…;
例如:Hehad hardlv/scarcely arrived when it began to rain.他一到天就开始下雨了。

no sooner…than.…一(刚)………就……;
例如:No sooner had they got to the theatre than the concertbegan.他们刚跨进剧院，音乐会就开始了。

can+not+be+形容词+enough/cannot+动词原形+toomuch(highly)越……越好;无论怎样也不过分;
例如:Heis a heroWe can not praise him too much(highly)。他是英雄，我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。

否定词+比较级(相当于最高级)，常见的句型是:have nevert过去分词+比较级，最……;再没有比……更…;该句型从反面表示“最……”的概念。
例如:We have never seen a more interesting film than this one这部电影是我们看过的最有趣的影片。

这些句型使用了否定词，但实际上表达了肯定的意思。在这些句型中，双重否定用法常用于强调某种情感、观点或确信的程度。但同样需要注意，在正式的书面英语中，避免过度使用双重否定，以保持语言的清晰和准确性。

Minamap解析

双重否定表肯定的常见句型最先出现在Clarissa Study。

在英语中，有一些情况下需要双写单词的规则。以下是几个常见的双写规则：

重读闭音节：当一个单词是由一个元音字母后面跟着一个辅音字母组成，并且重读音节落在这两个字母之间时，通常需要双写这个辅音字母。例如：big（大），stop（停止），run（跑步）。

以辅音字母结尾的单词：如果一个单词以一个辅音字母结尾，并且结尾处只有一个元音字母前缀，则通常需要双写这个辅音字母。例如：stop（停止），plan（计划），swim（游泳）。

常见双写-ed

双写加ed的单词有：
stopped停止；begged乞求；fretted烦恼，发愁；dragged拖，拽；dropped投，丢
，committed尽心尽力的；submitted提交；permitted许可；inferred推测；referred参考，指代，涉及；preferred更喜欢；occurred发生；banned禁止；begged祈求，恳求；chatted聊天；clapped拍手；dragged拉。drop，dropped掉，落；equipped装备；fitted适合；hugged拥抱；jogged慢跑；kidded开玩笑；kidnapped绑架；nodded点头；napped小睡；popped突然出现；programmed编程；starred出演；planned计划；patted拍；robbed抢；regretted后悔；scanned扫描；slipped滑倒；shopped购物；stepped迈步；stopped停止；sobbed抽泣；skipped跳过；stabbed刺；spotted发现；wrapped包；controlled控制；trtravelled旅行

常见双写-ing

常见的双写尾字母加-ing的单词如下：
babysit — babysitting 临时照看婴儿
split — splitting 分裂
shut — shutting 关闭
win –winning 赢
shop –shopping 购物
stop — stopping 停止
drop — dropping 落下
dig — digging 挖
plan — planning 计划
prefer — preferring 更喜欢
refer — referring 查阅,参考
let — letting 让
step — stepping 踩,踏
trip — tripping 绊倒
rob — robbing 抢劫
set — setting 设置
dip– dipping 浸
mop — mopping 用拖把拖洗,擦,抹
nod — nodding 点头
fit — fitting 合适
fret — fretting 使烦恼
kidnap — kidnapping 绑架
nap — napping 小睡,打盹
regret — regretting 后悔
pop– popping 爆开
prop — propping 支撑
rot–rotting 腐烂
spot–spotting 玷污
slip–slipping 滑倒

Mindmap解析

常见双写词汇最先出现在Clarissa Study。

1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.

2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.

3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.

4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.

总结：

1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。

2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。

过去完成时

表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。

在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。

它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。

基本结构：had＋动词过去分词

(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。

He had already been to New York earlier in the week. 本周早些时候他去过纽约。

(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。

At that time we hadn’t met her. 那时我们还没有见到她。

(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？

肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had. / 否定回答：No，主语＋hadn’t.

—Had you visited here before?  ——你以前参观过这里吗？

—Yes，I had./No，I hadn’t. ——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。

(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？

Where had you been before you came here? 你来这里前还去过哪儿？

(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。

By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done. 到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①He ______________(work) in the store for five years before he moved here.

②When I got to the station，the train ______________ (leave)．

③The task ______________(finish) before 12：00 yesterday.

KEYS:

1.had worked 2.had left 3.had been finished

基本用法

1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o’clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

Mr.Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。

5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。

When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。

8．过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than …，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空

①We ______________(build) five new buildings by the end of last year.

②I could see from her face that she ______________(receive) some good news.

③He said he ______________(be) there before.

④We realized we ______________(lose) our way.

⑤We ______________(hope) that you would be able to visit us.

KEYS:

1.had built 2.had received 3.had been 4.had lost 5.had hoped

与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

I had learned 1，000 English words till then. 到那时为止，我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

—I’m sorry to keep you waiting. ——对不起，让你久等了。

—Oh，not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. ——没什么，我只等了几分钟。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①The concert ______________(start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.

②You’re too late；the train ______________ (leave)．

③He ______________ (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.

④They ______________ (get) everything ready before I came.

KEYS：

1.has started 2.has left 3.had taught 4.had got

过去完成时的被动语态

过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。

1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式

(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。

(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。

(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况

(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。

By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished. 当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。

The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。

How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?  地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？

(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。

As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet. 任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。

He did what he had been told to. 他做了别人叫他做的事。

另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。

When he arrived，he called her. 他到达时，给她打了电话。

They locked the door before they left. 在离开前，他们把门锁上了。

(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。

They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。

The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in. 那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。

The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.有1 000多人在地震中丧生。

[注意]

过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：

现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作；

过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。

例如：This polluted river has been cleaned. 这条被污染了的河流已被净化。

析：该句表示到现在为止，这条河流已被净化。

例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他说这本书已被译成日语。

析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止，这本书已被译成日语。

[即学即练4]　单句语法填空

①The earthquake ______________(predict) several days before.

②The device ______________ (use) operationally some months previously.

③Our classroom ______________ (clean)．You needn’t clean it now.

④The child ______________ (take) care of by grandma all these years.

KEYS：

1.had been predicted 2.had been used 3.has been cleaned 4. has been taken

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．I surfed the net and ______________(see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.

2．The universities in Britain ______________ (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.

3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I ______________ (get) in the exams.

4．By the time we got a report，the firemen ______________ (put) out the fire in the bar already.

5．We’ll have to wait in line. The fast­food restaurant ______________ (be) short­handed for weeks.

6．She ______________ (want) to help you but she had no time then.

7．All the film tickets ______________(sell) out when I got to the cinema.

8．The wallet______________ (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.

9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants______________ (leave) their homes.

10．It was the third time that he ______________ (make) the same mistake.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．她告诉我她当空中乘务员好几年了。 She told me that ______________ for quite a few years.

2．她说她已来过上海。 She said that ______________ Shanghai.

3．我们到日本前学过一点日语。 We ______________ before we came to Japan.

4．我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。 I didn’t want to see the play because ______________．

5．到上学期末，我们已读了十篇短篇小说。By the end of last term ______________．

6．这是他第一次输掉比赛。 It was the first time ______________．

7．投资黄金一直被认为是万无一失的赚钱方法。 Investment in gold ______________ a sure route to make money.

8．经过短暂的步行，我们到达尸体被人发现的地方。 After a short walk，we arrived at the place where ______________.

9．然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。However，a few days later，he was told that ______________．

10．我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。When I came back at midnight ______________

KEYS:

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.saw 2.have taken 3.had got 4.had put 5.has been

6.had wanted 7.had been sold 8.had been wrapped 9.had left 10.had made

Ⅱ.完成句子

1.she had been an air hostess 2. she had been to 3.had studied a little Japanese

4.I had already seen it 5.we had read ten short stories 6.he had lost the game

7.has been seen as 8.the body had been found 9.a mistake had been made

10.she still hadn’t finished the work

过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态最先出现在Clarissa Study。

现在完成进行时表示过去发生的动作或状况一直持续到现在，这个动作可能仍在继续进行或刚刚结束。

现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋现在分词”构成。

肯定句：主语＋have/has＋been＋现在分词＋其他。

否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋现在分词＋其他。

疑问句：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋现在分词＋其他？

疑问代词/疑问副词＋have/has＋(主语＋)been＋现在分词＋其他？

►He is ill. He’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了。他已经卧床3个星期了。

►Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？

基本用法

1．表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在。

现在完成进行时常和 all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently 等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。

►I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。

►She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整个上午都在背单词。

►This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。

2．表示动作刚刚结束。

►My clothes are all wet. I’ve been working in the rain. 我的衣服全湿了。我刚才一直在雨中干活。

►He is dead drunk. He’s been drinking with his friends. 他烂醉如泥。他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。

3．表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作。

►You’ve been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了五年了。

►He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.

自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。

4．表达较重的感情色彩。

►What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了？

►Time has been flying so quickly! 时间过得可真快啊！

►Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是个多事的日子。

与现在完成时的区别

1．现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复， 而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

►Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？

►Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗？

2．现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩， 而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。

►I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)

►I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)

3．现在完成进行时强调动作， 而现在完成时强调结果。

►Who has been eating the oranges?  谁一直在吃这些橙子呀？ (还剩余一些)

►Who has eaten the oranges?  谁把橙子吃光了？ (强调吃得一个不剩)

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

(1) I __________________ (teach) English for almost twenty years. I will teach until retirement.

(2) In order to find the missing child, villagers ________________ (do) all they can over the past five hours.

(3) In 1996, I moved to Canada with my husband and I __________________ (live) there since then.

(4) Jim __________________ (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.

(5) Although many measures __________________ (take), the world’s economy is still going down.

(6) The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and __________________ (remain) around that level since.

(7) He ________________ (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he _________________ (make) great progress.

(8) The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he __________________ (play) in the mud all morning.

(9) People __________________ (pour) into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.

KEYS：

(1)have been teaching  (2)have been doing  (3) have been living  (4)has been phoning  (5) have been taken  (6)has remained  (7) has been listening (8) has been playing  (9)has been pouring

现在完成进行时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

将来进行时表示最近或较远的将来正在进行的动作或说话人已经计划或安排好的事情。

固定结构

[观察例句]

We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes. 我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落。

Anyhow, you won’t be playing for the next few Saturdays. 无论如何，后几个星期六你不许再玩了。

—Will you be remaining in the city?   ——你将来会留在这个城市吗？

—Yes, I shall be (remaining in the city).  ——是。

—What time will she be arriving? ——她什么时候到达？

—She will be arriving at about 8：30 tomorrow morning. ——她大概明天上午8点半到达。

[归纳用法]

1．肯定句：主语 ＋ shall/will ＋ be ＋ doing．..

2．否定句：主语 ＋ shall/will ＋ not ＋ be ＋doing．..

3．疑问句：Shall/Will ＋ 主语 ＋ be ＋doing．..?

4．疑问代词/疑问副词 ＋ shall/will ＋ 主语 ＋ be ＋ doing．..?

注意：shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。

[即学即练1]——完成句子

①今晚我将在办公室里待到比较晚。

I ______________________ late at the office this evening.

②——他们会顺着这条路来吗？

——不，他们不会从这条路来。

—______________________ this way?

—No, they ______________________ (coming this way).

③明天早上十点他会在干嘛？  ______________________ at 10：00 tomorrow?

将来进行时的主要用法

[观察例句]

A space vehicle will be circling Jupiter in five years’ time. 航天器5年后将绕木星飞行。

When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television.当我到家时，我太太可能正在看电视。

I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不久我将要度假了。

We shall be going to London next week. 下周我们要去伦敦。

Will you be having some tea?  喝点茶吧。

Will you be needing anything else?  你还需要什么吗？

[归纳用法]

1．将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

2．将来进行时表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。

3．将来进行时表示委婉语气。

[即学即练2]—— 完成句子

①五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。

Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We ______________________ dinner then.

②我下个星期来看你。 I ______________________ you next week.

③克雷格教授明晚做关于伊特拉斯坎陶器的讲演。

Professor Craig ______________________ a lecture on Etruscan pottery tomorrow evening.

与一般将来时的区别

1．一般将来时是指将来某个时间将要发生的动作和状态，基本结构是：主语＋will＋do.

I will go toBeijing next Sunday.   我下个星期天将要去北京。

What will you do tomorrow?       你明天干什么？

将来进行时是指将来某个时间正在进行的动作。基本结构是：主语 ＋ will be ＋ doing

What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这个时候你会在做什么呢？

2. 两者均可表示将来，但用将来进行时语气更委婉

比较：

When will you finish these letters?你什么时候处理完这些信件？(直接询问，如上司对下属)

When will you be seeing Mr.White? 你什么时候见怀特先生？(委婉地询问，如下属对上司)

When will you pay back the money? 你什么时候还钱？(直接讨债)

When will you be paying back the money? 这钱你什么时候还呢？(委婉地商量)

3. 有时一般将来时中的will含有“愿意”的意思，而用将来进行时则只是单纯地谈未来情况

Mary won’t pay this bill.玛丽不肯付这笔钱。(表意愿)

Mary won’t be paying this bill.不会由玛丽来付钱。(单纯谈未来情况)

[即学即练3]——完成句子

①十二点的时候我将在睡觉。

I ______________________ at 12：00.

②20岁的时候我将会在大学里学习。

I ______________________ in university at the age of 20.

③如果看到有人遇到危险，他会怎么做？

______________________ if he sees somebody in danger?

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．He ______________________ (lie)on one of the sunny beaches in Hawaii all day when he spends his holiday there.

2. Don’t call me between 2：00 and 4：00 this afternoon. I ______________________ (have)an test then.

3. Nobody knew what _______________ (happen)to the Earth in a century’s time.

4. Mr.Lee said he would give the CD to me as soon as he _____________ (return)from Canada.

5. When we were young, father _______________ (take)us for a special treat on Mother’s day.

6．—Did you invite Sarah to your birthday party?

—Sorry, I forget. I _________________(call)her now.

7．You can’t miss him. He__________________ (wear)a dark green suit and a yellow tie waiting for you.

8. I ______________________ (tell)you about my plan, but you stopped me before I could speak.

9. Will you ______________________ (use)your computer this time tomorrow?

10. I ____________________ (close)the kitchen door when a little mouse popped its head out.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．快！客人就要来了！

Hurry up! The guests ______________________ at any minute!

2．我们将在澳大利亚过冬。

______________________ the winter in Australia.

3．我要写信告诉皮特先生关于汤姆的新房子的事。

 ______________________Mr.Pitt and tell him about Tom’s new house.

4．请你把钢琴搬进这里来，好吗？

______________________ the piano in here?

5．现在他们正坐在教室里听录音。明天这个时候他们会坐在电影院里看电影。

Now they ______________________ in their classroom and listening to a tape. This time tomorrow they ______________________ in the cinema.

将来进行时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

过去将来时表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在主句谓语动词为过去时态的宾语从句中。过去将来时句子中有时包含时间状语the next day，soon等。

例句与总结

1．I was about to get the letter.

2．They said the letter inside would explain what it was all about.

3．The director said he would meet the famous actor the next day.

4．They were going to find someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside.

总结：

1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法

过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。

Jeff knew he would be tired the next day.

He promised that he would not open the letter until 2 o’clock.

She said that she wouldn’t do that again.

表示过去将来时的其他表达法

1. was/were going to＋动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。

I thought it was going to rain.

2. was/were to＋动词原形（重点）：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。

She said she was to get married next month.

3. was/were about to＋动词原形（重点）：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。

I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.

4. was/were＋现在分词（重点）：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come，go，leave，arrive，begin，start，stop，close，open，die，join，borrow，buy等瞬间动词。

Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.

[即学即练]　完成句子

1．莉莉说晚上将有一场音乐会。Lily said there _____________________________ that evening.

2．她确信她会成功。She was sure she _____________________________．

3．我想知道我们什么时候出发。I wanted to know when we _____________________________．

4．他说运动会就要开始了。He said the sport meet _____________________________．

5．他说他今晚要走。He said he _____________________________ tonight.

KEYS：

1．there would be a concert 2．would succeed．3． were going to set off． 4． was about to begin 5．was leaving

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．When he was young，he ________ sit in front of the TV set for hours every day.

2．I was sure that they ________ not do that again.

3．Whenever she had time，she ________ come to see us.

4．He said that he ________ (leave) at six the next day.

5．No body knew why he ________ (go) to the big city.

6．He hoped his wife ________ (come) soon.

7．He was about ________ (leave) when someone knocked at the door of his office.

8．He said he ________ (learn) French next week.

9．I noticed that it ________ (rain) when I looked at the sky.

10．He said he ________ be ninety years old in two years.

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

The two gentlemen had been having a heated argument for a couple of days，and had decided to make a bet which 1. ________ settle their argument. They 2. ________ (find) someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside. They invited him into their house，3. ________ Henry told them he had landed in Britain 4. ________ accident. Although he had gone to the American consulate 5.to seek help，he had not received any. Henry hoped that the brothers 6. ________ offer him some jobs because he had no money. Henry got upset with the brothers 7. ________ they seemed too happy about his bad luck. They quickly told him not to feel that way and they gave him an envelope with money in it. They said the letter inside 8. ________ explain what it was all about，but he had to postpone 9. ________ (open) it until 2 o’clock. Henry felt that was odd. The story ended with Henry leaving their house and promising that he 10. ________(not) open the letter until 2 o’clock.

KEYS：

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1． would 2． would 3． would 4． was leaving 5． was going 6． was coming7． to leave 8． was going to learn 9． was going to rain 10． would

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

1.would 2.were going to find 3.where 4.by 5.to 6.would 7.when 8.would 9.opening 10.would not

过去将来时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

观察以下例句

We are going to the new water park this afternoon.

They are starting for Beijing tomorrow.

John and I are meeting at 5 this afternoon.

He is finishing his task next week.

规律总结：

规律1： 现在进行时除了表现在正在进行的动作，还可表示计划、安排将要发生的动作或事件，多用于表位置移动动词(短语)， 如go, start, leae, arrive, come, get, travel, take off, set off等;还可用在某些非位移动词上，如meet, finish, do, buy, spend, stay等，此时句中搭配表将来的时间状语。

be doing 表将来与be going to do和will do的比较

观察以下例句

A：Your room is really a mess.

B1: I know. I’m cleaning it today.

B2: I know. I’m going to clean it.

be doing 表将来，强调事先计划好的安排、确定要做的事。be going to do 表说话者的打算和意图。

A: Oh, I’m late. I’m having an important test.

B: Don’t worry. I’ll drive you to school right away.

be doing和will do都表即将发生的事，但will更强调个人意愿和瞬间决定

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

I、单句语法填空

1.I ___________________(leave) for the United States for further study next month.

2. I’ve won a holiday for a week to Guilin. I ____________________(take) my wife and little daughter.

3.—Tonny is off to Hong Kong tomorrow?    —Who____________________(see) him off?

4.—What are Mr. and Mrs.Black doing?        —They ____________________(drink) tea in the garden.

5.—Anny, you __________________(throw) books about. Look, what a mess in your study!    —Sorry, Mom. I won’t do that again.

6. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026____________________ (take) off at 18:20.

7. Send my best wishes to your wife when you ____________________(write) home.

8.—Do you know when he ____________________ again?

  —Sorry, I don’t know. But when he ____________________ , I’ll let you know.(come)

9. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _____________________ off.(take)

10. Look, dark clouds. It ____________________ rain.(go)

KEYS:

1. am leaving   2. am taking   3. is seeing    4. are drinking   5. are always throwing 6. Takes    7. write     8. will come; comes    9. is taking    10. is going to

现在进行时表将来最先出现在Clarissa Study。

现在进行时的被动语态表示“说话时或现阶段正在被做的动作”， 主语是动作的承受者。

二．主动语态变被动语态的方法

1.将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2.将主动谓语变为被动谓语(am/is/are＋being+过去分词)。
3.将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语, 若不强调动词执行者，被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略)。

Scientists  are studying  the new disease at present. → The new disease  is being studied at present by scientists.

They  are building  nine parks. →Nine parks  are being built (by them). 

Mindmap解析

习题-现在进行时的被动语态

一．将下列主动句变为被动句

1.Hunters are hunting African elephants.

2.The reporter is interviewing Mary now.

3. Look! Her aunt is taking care of the baby.

4. The workers are setting up a lot of buildings, and people will move next year.

5.He is writing the alarming report , and it will be finished soon.

二、用所给动词的正确形式填空。

In the wetland of my hometown, there are many different kinds of animals, including wild birds, fish, snakes, insects and so on. When I was in primary school, I often went there with my friends to watch the birds and study them. That was an interesting place for all of us. But things have begun to change in recent years. Small birds 1____________ (catch) with nets. Wild ducks 2____________ (sell) at food markets. Fish and snakes 3 ____________ (kill) for food in restaurants. And even worse, the wetland 4______________ (destroy). Some parts 5 ___ ______(cover) with new houses. You can see rubbish everywhere. The wetland 6_____________ (pollute) seriously every day. I am very worried about it. What can we do?

KEYS：

一．1.African elephants are being hunted by hunters .

2.Mary is being interview by the reporter now .

3. Look! The baby is being taken care of by her aunt.

4.A lot of tall buildings are being set up by the workers, and people will move next year.

5.The alarming report is being written, and it will be finished soon.

二．1. are being caught 2. are being sold 3. are being killed 4. is being destroyed 5. are being covered 6. is being polluted

现在完成时的被动语态

现在完成时的被动语态表示“现在已经被完成的动作”。

常与一些副词连用，如already, yet, just, never, ever, lately, recently, twice等，通常把副词放在助动词have或 has的后面，有时候也可以放在句末。

也可以表示“一个从过去某个时间开始，持续到现在，并可能延续下去的被做的动作”。常用的时间状语有：for+一段时间，since+时间点/从句，in/ for/over/during the last / past few years/months/weeks/days,  ever since, so far, up to now,  in recent years等连用。

二．现在完成时被动语态的用法

1.表示现在已经被完成的动作。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, just, never, ever, lately, recently, twice等, 通常把副词放在助动词have或 has的后面，有时候也可以放在句末。

Some flowers have already been watered by Li Ming. 一些花已经被李明浇了。
Has the Wi-Fi password been confirmed yet? Wi-Fi 密码被验证了吗？
Recently his novel has been translated into many foreign languages? 最近，他的小说被翻译成好几种外语。

2.表示一个从过去某个时间开始，持续到现在，并可能继续延续下去的被做的动作。常用的时间状语有：for+一段时间，since+时间点/从句， in/ for/over/during the last / past few years/months/weeks/days, ever since, so far, up to now, in recent years等连用。  

Much useful information about these planets has been collected since 1971. 自从1971年关于这些行星的许多有用的信息已经被收集。
Computer science has been taught  in all universities for many years. 所有的大学开计算机课程已经很多年了。
Up to now, no news has been received from her. 到现在，还没有收到她的消息。

【注意一】主动语态变被动语态注意事项

1.短语动词的被动语态： 主动语态中的谓语动词是短语动词时，变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

They take good care of the children at school.→The children are taken good care of at school. 孩子们在学校受到很好的照顾。
You shouldn’t laugh at disabled people. →Disabled people shouldn’t be laughed at. 残疾人不应该被嘲笑。

2. 带双宾语的动词，变为被动语态时可以有两种方法：
（1）把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来。
（2）把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语。用to还是for，根据动词的搭配：一般动词give,pass, show, send,bring要加介词to；动词buy, make, cook, mend要加介词for。

He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。 →She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.
He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表。 →She was bought a watch./  A watch was bought for her.

3.带有复合宾语的句子，变成被动语态时宾补相应变为主补：
（1）在感官动词(hear,see, watch, feel, notice等)和使役动词(let,make have等)在主动语态中后接不带to的动词不定式作宾补,但是改为被动语态时, 要加上to，作主补。
（2）如果主动语态中doing 或to do作宾补时， 变为被动时仍然用doing或to do的形式。

We often see him go for a walk by the river. →He is often seen to go for a walk by the river.
They made the boys work 12 hours a day. →The boys were made to work 12hours a day.
I saw him playing football at that moment. →He was seen  playing football at that moment.
Our teacher told us to clean the room at once. →We were told to clean the room at once .

【注意二】 使用被动语态时注意的几个方面

1.不用被动语态的情况  

（1）系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等与形容词连用时。

Ice feels cold. 冰摸上去凉。
Your bedroom smelt so terrible. 你的卧室气味难闻。
His plan proved (to be) practical. 这项计划证明是符合实际的。

（2）表示开始、结束、运动的词begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, shut等。

Work began at 7 o’clock this morning. 上午七点开始工作。
The shop closes at 6 p.m every day. 这家店铺每天下午6点关门。

（3）表示主语的某种属性的词read, write, act, cut, play, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, look, shut等， 通常和副词well, easily, smoothly, badly, nicely等连用。其否定形式通常用won’t，表示拒绝。

The books sell well这些书很畅销。
Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔书写起来很流畅。
This knife cuts well. 这把刀子很快。
This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。
The recorder won’t play. 这录音机不转了。
The door won’t lock/ open. 门锁不上/ 打不开。

2.get型被动语态  

get +done表被动意义，相当于be+done  

He got paid by the month. 他是按月领薪水的。
He fell and got hurt. 他摔倒受伤了。 They got married last week. 他们上周结婚了。
His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。

3.It + be+过去分词+从句

It is said that she knows three languages. (=She is said to know three languages. ) 据说她懂三种语言。
It is reported that the American president will visit China next week. (= The American president is reported to visit China next week.) 据报道美国总统下周要访华。

4.常见的没有被动语态的动词及短语  

spread，happen, occur (发生)，take place, break out, belong to, come true, come into being, come out(出版)，come up(被提出), consist of（由……组成）, give out（用完，耗尽, run out（用完），turn out（证明是），turn up（出现），work out（产生，结果），date from/ back to(追溯到)等。

习题-现在完成时的被动语态

用所给动词的正确时态填空

1. —-Look, what an old bridge! It looks so special!

—-Yeah, it ______ （ build）for nearly 500 years .

2. More than 14, 000 books _____（collect）since the library  _____ （build）last month.

3. This is a photo of the power station that ______（set）up in my hometown.

4. How many workers ______（send） to build the railway recently?

5.Much information  ______（send）back to the earth since the spacemen began their exploration on the moon.

6. Much parking space in cities ________ (save) by using small cars. 7. This part of the sea ________ (explore) many times.

8.Al l the preparation for the task______（do）, and we’re ready to start.

9.I ______（employ）at this job since 1990.

10. A kind of new PC ______（build）with more functions recently.

11. I hear Jan’s life ______（improve）by the Internet.

12.The construction of the new railway lines______（finish）by the workers by now.

13. No comment ______（make） about the online database till now.

14. A great many fine cars ______（produce）by the car factory since the technological revolution.

15. Much ______（write）about the wonders of the World Wide Web since then.

16.It is said that the book ________ (translate) into several languages.

17. Look at the way the paths______（sweep）. You’d better do it again.

18. The child ______（take）care of by grandma all these years.

19.First as a PC and then as a laptop, I________(use) in offices and homes since the 1970s.

20. Since the 1970s many new applications _______ (find) for me.

KEYS：

1.has been built 2.have been collected ;was built 3. has been set 4. have been sent 5.  has been sent

6. has been saved  7.has been explored 8. have been done 9. have been employed 10. has been built

11. has been improved 12. has been finished 13.has been made14. have been produced 15. has been written 

16. has been translated 17. have been swept 18. has bee taken 19.have been used 20.have been found

现在进行时、现在完成时的被动语态最先出现在Clarissa Study。

反意疑问句，也叫附加疑问句

附加疑问句包括陈述部分和附加疑问部分。附加疑问部分一般由助动词、be动词或情态动词和表主语的代词构成。

注意“前肯后否、前否后肯”的规律。

分类

如何回答反意疑问句

千万不要被中文限制住，在反意疑问句中，记住：Yes 即表示肯定，No 即表示否定。

试对比这两个例子：

例子一：

– You like coffee, don’t you? 你喜欢咖啡，对吧？
– Yes, I do. 是的，我喜欢。
– No, I don’t. 不，我不喜欢。

例子二：

– You don’t like tea, do you? 你不喜欢茶，对吧？
– Yes, I do. 我喜欢。
– No, I don’t like it. 不，我不喜欢。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

一、完成下列附加疑问句

1 It’s a fine day. Let’s go fishing，___________?

2. If you want help—money or anything，let me know，___________?

3. Brian told you there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time，___________?

4. The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him，___________?

5. Don’t smoke in the meeting room，___________?

6. His wife had the front door painted green yesterday，___________?

7. If you had come yesterday，you might have seen him，___________?

8. When the teacher speaks，we have to keep quiet，___________?

9. He never told us why he was late，___________?

10. I want to do nothing，because there is little point in doing anything about it，___________?

二、根据汉语意思完成句子

1. I’m as tall as your sister, aren’t I?

___________(是的, 你和她一样高。)

2. Tom made no answer, did he?

___________(是的, 他没回答。)

3. He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he?

___________(是的, 他应该知道。)

4. Everything is ready, isn’t it?

___________(不, 还没准备好。)

5. The 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing, weren’t they?

___________(是的, 是在北京。)

6. Michael Jordan started to play basketball in college, didn’t he?

___________(不, 他不是。) He first played in a team in senior high school.

7. David has been to a boxing match, hasn’t he?

___________(不, 他没去过。)He always watches boxing on TV.

8. You can’t cook, can you?

___________(不, 我会。) I’ m good at cooking.

KEYS：

一、1. shall we　   2. will you　    3. didn’t he　   4. didn’t it　  5. will you　   6. didn’t she　 7. mightn’t you　  8. don’t we　   9. did he　   10. is there

二、

1 Yes, you are. 　2. No, he didn’t. 　3. Yes, he ought to. 　4. No, it isn’t. 　5. Yes, they were. 　6. No, he didn’t. 　7. No, he hasn’t. 　8. Yes, I can.

反意疑问句/附加疑问句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

类型一　词义易错位，别张冠李戴

1．forgettable  adj.易被忘记的 forgetful  adj.健忘的

2．considerate  adj.体贴的，考虑周到的  considerable  adj.相当多(或大、重要等)的

3．economic adj.有关经济的  economical adj.省钱的

4．creation  n.创造  creativity  n.创造力

5．physician  n.内科医生  physicist  n.物理学家

6．comparable  adj.比得上的  comparative  adj.相对的

7．ashamed  adj.惭愧的  shameful  adj.可耻的

8．confident  adj.有信心的  confidential  adj.机密的,秘密的

9．disability  n.缺陷，障碍  inability  n.无能，不能

10．objection  n.反对  objectivity  n.客观性

11．worthless  adj.不值钱的  priceless  adj.无价的

12．valueless  adj.无价值的  invaluable  adj.非常贵重的

13．respectful    adj.尊敬的，表示敬意的       respectable    adj.值得尊敬的，相当好的

类型二　虽是前后缀，意思却不同，切勿望文生义

1．impress  v.留下印象  impressive  adj.令人赞叹的

2．response  v.反应，回应  responsible  adj.负责的

3．faith  n.信心  faithful  adj.忠诚的

4．respect  v.&n.尊敬  respective  adj.各自的，分别的

5．occasion  n.场合  occasional  adj.偶尔的

6．title  n.标题  entitle  v.给予……权利

7．reward  n.奖励  rewarding  adj.值得做的，高酬的

8．found  v.建立  foundation  n.基础，基金会

9．drama  n.戏剧  dramatic  adj.突然的，戏剧般的

10．trick  n.花招  tricky  adj.难对付的

11．promise  v.答应，预示着  promising  adj.有前途的

12．invite  v.邀请，招致  inviting  adj.诱人的

类型三　貌似前后缀，但并无“血缘关系”

1．miss  v.错过，想念  missing  adj.消失不见的

2．mean  v.意味着，打算  means  n.手段

3．work  v.&n.工作  works  n.作品，著作，工厂

4．custom  n.风俗  customs  n.海关

5．term  n.学期，术语，任期  terms  n.关系，(交易的)条件

6．definite  adj.明确的，具体的  definition  n.定义

7．affect  v.影响  affection  n.慈爱

8．serve    v.为……服务，供应(饭菜)      reserve    v.预定；n.保护区

9．create  v.创造  creature  n.动物，生物，人

10．creation  n.创造  recreation  n.娱乐

11．promise  v.&n.许诺  compromise妥协，让步

12．temporary  adj.暂时的  contemporary  adj.当代的

13．present礼物；目前的  represent  v.代表

14．strict  adj.严格的  restrict  v.限制

15．science  n.科学  conscience  n.良心

16．knowledge  n.知识  acknowledge  n.承认

17．allow  v.允许   allowance  n.津贴

18．bowl  n.碗  bowling  n.保龄球运动

19．instant  n.瞬间  instance  n.例子

20．search  v.搜查  research  n.研究

21．sweat  n.汗水，v.出汗  sweater  n.毛衣

22．appointment  n.任命，约定  disappointment  n.失望

23．stock  n.股票，库存  stocking  n.长筒袜

24．short  adj.短的  shortly  adv.不久

25．inform  v.通知  informal  adj.非正式的

26．easy  adj.容易的  uneasy  adj.不安的；焦虑的

27．good  adj.好的  goods  n.货物；商品

28．leave  v.离开  leaves  n.叶子(复数)

类型四　形近易混淆，比较记清楚

1．ensure  v.保证  insure  v.投保 assure  v.向……保证

2．submit  v.提交  summit  n.峰会，山峰

3．initial  adj.最初的  essential  adj.必不可少的

4．contest  n.竞赛  context  n.上下文

5．pray  v.祈祷  spray  v.喷射

6．construct  v.建造 instruct  v.指导，指令

7．watch  n.手表，  v.观看  match  n.比赛

8．succeed  v.成功 success  n.成功

9．image图形，形象，声誉  imagine  v.想象

10．royal  adj.皇室的，高贵的  loyal  adj.忠诚的

11．steal  v.偷  steel  n.钢

12．access  n.通道  assess  v.评价＝evaluate

13．pocket  n.口袋  packet  n.包

14．relieve  v.缓解  believe  v.相信

15．relief  n.宽慰  belief  n.信仰

16．bridge  n.桥  fridge  n.冰箱

17．award  n.奖品  reward  n.奖赏

18．previous  adj.先前的  precious  adj.宝贵的

19．incident  n.事件  accident  n.意外

20．population  n.人口  pollution  n.污染

21．invent  v.发明 invest  v.投资

22．respond to    v.对……作出回应  correspond to    v.与……一致

23．statue  n.雕像＝figure  status  n.地位，声誉

24．source  n.来源  resource  n.资源

25．surrounding  adj.周围的  surroundings  n.周围环境

26．cure  v.治愈  curse  v.诅咒

27．sympathy  n.同情 symphony  n.交响曲

28．floor  n.地板  flour  n.面粉

29．college  n.学院  colleague  n.同事

30．design  v.&n.设计  resign  v.辞职

31．medal  n.勋章  model  n.模型，模特

32．elect  v.选举，推选  select  v.选择

33．patent  n.专利  patient  n.病人；  adj.有耐心的

34．metal  n.金属  mental  adj.精神上的

35．attitude  n.态度  altitude  n.海拔

36．desert沙漠，遗弃(v.)  dessert  n.甜点

37．director  n.负责人  directory  n.名录

38．composition  n.作文，作曲  competition  n.比赛

39．together  adj.&adv.一起  altogether  adv.总共

40．consumption  n.消费  assumption  n.假设

41．apartment  n.套房;公寓  department  n.部门，大学的系、科

42．institution  n.协会  constitution  n.宪法，构造

43．wonder  n.奇迹, v.想知道  wander  v.闲逛，徘徊

44．explain  v.解释  complain  v.投诉，埋怨

45．critic  n.批评家  critical  adj.批评的，至关重要的

46．lesson  n.课文  lessen  v.减少(less＋en＝v.)

47．band  n.乐队  brand  n.品牌，商标

48．addition  n.加  addiction  n.入迷，瘾

49．import  v.进口  export  v.出口

50．adapt  v.适应  adopt  v.采纳，收养

51．tune  n.调子，旋律  tone  n.腔调，音调，色调，风格

52．section  n.部分，部门，分支  session会议，学期

53．distribute  v.分配，分发  contribute  v.做贡献，促成

54．soup  n.汤  soap  n.肥皂

55．region  n.地区  religion  n.宗教

56．mount  n.山峰；v.攀登 amount  n.数量

57．personnel  n.全体人员;人事部门  personal  adj.个人的

58．nature  n.自然  mature  adj.(谷物、时机)成熟的

59．headline  n.标题  deadline截止日期

60．leather  n.皮革  feather  n.羽毛

61．describe  v.描述  subscribe  v.订阅，同意

62．cease  v.停止  tease  v.取笑   ease  n.舒适(at ease自在)；v.缓解

63．eagle  n.鹰　　　　 angle  n.角度　　　　 angel  n.天使

64．story  n.故事       storey  n.楼层         store  n.商店

65．contact  v.接触      contract  n.合同        contrast  v.& n.对照

66．evaluation  n.评价   evolution  n.进化       revolution  n.革命

67．tension  n.紧张     extension  n.延伸，扩大  intention  n.意图，目的

68．distance  n.距离    instance  n.例子

69．point  v.指向；点　appoint  v.任命　disappoint  v.使失望

70．construction  n.建造  destruction  n.毁坏     instruction    n.指导；说明

71．institute    n.协会，学会，学院  constitute   v.构成，组成    substitute  n.替代物；v.替代

72．tough  adj.坚硬的，棘手的  cough  v.咳嗽 rough  adj.粗糙的，粗野的，天气恶劣的

73．scare  v.吓唬　      scarce  adj.罕见的，缺乏的　   scarcely  adv.几乎不

74．message消息　   passage  n.短文，走廊，通道　passenger  n.乘客

75．include  v.包括   exclude  v.不包括，排斥  conclude    v.下结论

76．require  v.需要  inquire  v.询问    enquire  v.询问  acquire  v.获得

77．cover  v.覆盖，报道  uncover  v.移去盖子  recover  v.康复  discover  v.发现

78．though  prep.尽管  thought  n.思考      through  prep.穿过  thorough  adj.彻底的

79．late   adj.晚的  lately  adv.最近    later  adv.后来  latter  n.&adj.后者      latest  adj.最新的

80．serve  v.服务  deserve  v.值得      preserve  v.保护  conserve  v.保护     reserve  n.保护区；v.预定

81．broad  adj.宽阔的  abroad  adv.在海外 board  n.板；董事会  aboard  adv.&prep.在飞机/汽车/轮船上

82．except  prep.除了  expect  v.期望 respect  v.尊敬  aspect  n.方面     inspect  v.视察  suspect  v.怀疑；n.嫌疑犯

高考词汇 – 易混淆 – 背最先出现在Clarissa Study。