1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.

2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.

3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.

4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.

总结：

1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。

2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。

过去完成时

表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。

在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。

它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。

基本结构：had＋动词过去分词

(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。

He had already been to New York earlier in the week. 本周早些时候他去过纽约。

(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。

At that time we hadn’t met her. 那时我们还没有见到她。

(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？

肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had. / 否定回答：No，主语＋hadn’t.

—Had you visited here before?  ——你以前参观过这里吗？

—Yes，I had./No，I hadn’t. ——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。

(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？

Where had you been before you came here? 你来这里前还去过哪儿？

(5)被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。

By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done. 到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①He ______________(work) in the store for five years before he moved here.

②When I got to the station，the train ______________ (leave)．

③The task ______________(finish) before 12：00 yesterday.

KEYS:

1.had worked 2.had left 3.had been finished

基本用法

1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o’clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

Mr.Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。

5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。

When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。

8．过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than …，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空

①We ______________(build) five new buildings by the end of last year.

②I could see from her face that she ______________(receive) some good news.

③He said he ______________(be) there before.

④We realized we ______________(lose) our way.

⑤We ______________(hope) that you would be able to visit us.

KEYS:

1.had built 2.had received 3.had been 4.had lost 5.had hoped

与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

I had learned 1，000 English words till then. 到那时为止，我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

—I’m sorry to keep you waiting. ——对不起，让你久等了。

—Oh，not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. ——没什么，我只等了几分钟。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①The concert ______________(start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.

②You’re too late；the train ______________ (leave)．

③He ______________ (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.

④They ______________ (get) everything ready before I came.

KEYS：

1.has started 2.has left 3.had taught 4.had got

过去完成时的被动语态

过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。

1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式

(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。

(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。

(3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况

(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。

By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished. 当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。

The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。

How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?  地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？

(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。

As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet. 任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。

He did what he had been told to. 他做了别人叫他做的事。

另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。

When he arrived，he called her. 他到达时，给她打了电话。

They locked the door before they left. 在离开前，他们把门锁上了。

(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。

They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。

The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in. 那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。

The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.有1 000多人在地震中丧生。

[注意]

过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：

现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作；

过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。

例如：This polluted river has been cleaned. 这条被污染了的河流已被净化。

析：该句表示到现在为止，这条河流已被净化。

例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese. 他说这本书已被译成日语。

析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止，这本书已被译成日语。

[即学即练4]　单句语法填空

①The earthquake ______________(predict) several days before.

②The device ______________ (use) operationally some months previously.

③Our classroom ______________ (clean)．You needn’t clean it now.

④The child ______________ (take) care of by grandma all these years.

KEYS：

1.had been predicted 2.had been used 3.has been cleaned 4. has been taken

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．I surfed the net and ______________(see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.

2．The universities in Britain ______________ (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.

3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I ______________ (get) in the exams.

4．By the time we got a report，the firemen ______________ (put) out the fire in the bar already.

5．We’ll have to wait in line. The fast­food restaurant ______________ (be) short­handed for weeks.

6．She ______________ (want) to help you but she had no time then.

7．All the film tickets ______________(sell) out when I got to the cinema.

8．The wallet______________ (wrap) up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.

9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants______________ (leave) their homes.

10．It was the third time that he ______________ (make) the same mistake.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．她告诉我她当空中乘务员好几年了。 She told me that ______________ for quite a few years.

2．她说她已来过上海。 She said that ______________ Shanghai.

3．我们到日本前学过一点日语。 We ______________ before we came to Japan.

4．我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。 I didn’t want to see the play because ______________．

5．到上学期末，我们已读了十篇短篇小说。By the end of last term ______________．

6．这是他第一次输掉比赛。 It was the first time ______________．

7．投资黄金一直被认为是万无一失的赚钱方法。 Investment in gold ______________ a sure route to make money.

8．经过短暂的步行，我们到达尸体被人发现的地方。 After a short walk，we arrived at the place where ______________.

9．然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。However，a few days later，he was told that ______________．

10．我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。When I came back at midnight ______________

KEYS:

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.saw 2.have taken 3.had got 4.had put 5.has been

6.had wanted 7.had been sold 8.had been wrapped 9.had left 10.had made

Ⅱ.完成句子

1.she had been an air hostess 2. she had been to 3.had studied a little Japanese

4.I had already seen it 5.we had read ten short stories 6.he had lost the game

7.has been seen as 8.the body had been found 9.a mistake had been made

10.she still hadn’t finished the work

过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态最先出现在Clarissa Study。

现在完成进行时表示过去发生的动作或状况一直持续到现在，这个动作可能仍在继续进行或刚刚结束。

现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋现在分词”构成。

肯定句：主语＋have/has＋been＋现在分词＋其他。

否定句：主语＋have/has＋not＋been＋现在分词＋其他。

疑问句：Have/Has＋主语＋been＋现在分词＋其他？

疑问代词/疑问副词＋have/has＋(主语＋)been＋现在分词＋其他？

►He is ill. He’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了。他已经卧床3个星期了。

►Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？

基本用法

1．表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在。

现在完成进行时常和 all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently 等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。

►I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。

►She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整个上午都在背单词。

►This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。

2．表示动作刚刚结束。

►My clothes are all wet. I’ve been working in the rain. 我的衣服全湿了。我刚才一直在雨中干活。

►He is dead drunk. He’s been drinking with his friends. 他烂醉如泥。他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。

3．表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作。

►You’ve been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了五年了。

►He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.

自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。

4．表达较重的感情色彩。

►What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了？

►Time has been flying so quickly! 时间过得可真快啊！

►Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是个多事的日子。

与现在完成时的区别

1．现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复， 而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

►Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？

►Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗？

2．现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩， 而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。

►I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)

►I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)

3．现在完成进行时强调动作， 而现在完成时强调结果。

►Who has been eating the oranges?  谁一直在吃这些橙子呀？ (还剩余一些)

►Who has eaten the oranges?  谁把橙子吃光了？ (强调吃得一个不剩)

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

(1) I __________________ (teach) English for almost twenty years. I will teach until retirement.

(2) In order to find the missing child, villagers ________________ (do) all they can over the past five hours.

(3) In 1996, I moved to Canada with my husband and I __________________ (live) there since then.

(4) Jim __________________ (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.

(5) Although many measures __________________ (take), the world’s economy is still going down.

(6) The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and __________________ (remain) around that level since.

(7) He ________________ (listen) to English programs since he came to the US, so he _________________ (make) great progress.

(8) The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he __________________ (play) in the mud all morning.

(9) People __________________ (pour) into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.

KEYS：

(1)have been teaching  (2)have been doing  (3) have been living  (4)has been phoning  (5) have been taken  (6)has remained  (7) has been listening (8) has been playing  (9)has been pouring

现在完成进行时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

将来进行时表示最近或较远的将来正在进行的动作或说话人已经计划或安排好的事情。

固定结构

[观察例句]

We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes. 我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落。

Anyhow, you won’t be playing for the next few Saturdays. 无论如何，后几个星期六你不许再玩了。

—Will you be remaining in the city?   ——你将来会留在这个城市吗？

—Yes, I shall be (remaining in the city).  ——是。

—What time will she be arriving? ——她什么时候到达？

—She will be arriving at about 8：30 tomorrow morning. ——她大概明天上午8点半到达。

[归纳用法]

1．肯定句：主语 ＋ shall/will ＋ be ＋ doing．..

2．否定句：主语 ＋ shall/will ＋ not ＋ be ＋doing．..

3．疑问句：Shall/Will ＋ 主语 ＋ be ＋doing．..?

4．疑问代词/疑问副词 ＋ shall/will ＋ 主语 ＋ be ＋ doing．..?

注意：shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。

[即学即练1]——完成句子

①今晚我将在办公室里待到比较晚。

I ______________________ late at the office this evening.

②——他们会顺着这条路来吗？

——不，他们不会从这条路来。

—______________________ this way?

—No, they ______________________ (coming this way).

③明天早上十点他会在干嘛？  ______________________ at 10：00 tomorrow?

将来进行时的主要用法

[观察例句]

A space vehicle will be circling Jupiter in five years’ time. 航天器5年后将绕木星飞行。

When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television.当我到家时，我太太可能正在看电视。

I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不久我将要度假了。

We shall be going to London next week. 下周我们要去伦敦。

Will you be having some tea?  喝点茶吧。

Will you be needing anything else?  你还需要什么吗？

[归纳用法]

1．将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

2．将来进行时表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。

3．将来进行时表示委婉语气。

[即学即练2]—— 完成句子

①五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。

Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We ______________________ dinner then.

②我下个星期来看你。 I ______________________ you next week.

③克雷格教授明晚做关于伊特拉斯坎陶器的讲演。

Professor Craig ______________________ a lecture on Etruscan pottery tomorrow evening.

与一般将来时的区别

1．一般将来时是指将来某个时间将要发生的动作和状态，基本结构是：主语＋will＋do.

I will go toBeijing next Sunday.   我下个星期天将要去北京。

What will you do tomorrow?       你明天干什么？

将来进行时是指将来某个时间正在进行的动作。基本结构是：主语 ＋ will be ＋ doing

What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这个时候你会在做什么呢？

2. 两者均可表示将来，但用将来进行时语气更委婉

比较：

When will you finish these letters?你什么时候处理完这些信件？(直接询问，如上司对下属)

When will you be seeing Mr.White? 你什么时候见怀特先生？(委婉地询问，如下属对上司)

When will you pay back the money? 你什么时候还钱？(直接讨债)

When will you be paying back the money? 这钱你什么时候还呢？(委婉地商量)

3. 有时一般将来时中的will含有“愿意”的意思，而用将来进行时则只是单纯地谈未来情况

Mary won’t pay this bill.玛丽不肯付这笔钱。(表意愿)

Mary won’t be paying this bill.不会由玛丽来付钱。(单纯谈未来情况)

[即学即练3]——完成句子

①十二点的时候我将在睡觉。

I ______________________ at 12：00.

②20岁的时候我将会在大学里学习。

I ______________________ in university at the age of 20.

③如果看到有人遇到危险，他会怎么做？

______________________ if he sees somebody in danger?

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．He ______________________ (lie)on one of the sunny beaches in Hawaii all day when he spends his holiday there.

2. Don’t call me between 2：00 and 4：00 this afternoon. I ______________________ (have)an test then.

3. Nobody knew what _______________ (happen)to the Earth in a century’s time.

4. Mr.Lee said he would give the CD to me as soon as he _____________ (return)from Canada.

5. When we were young, father _______________ (take)us for a special treat on Mother’s day.

6．—Did you invite Sarah to your birthday party?

—Sorry, I forget. I _________________(call)her now.

7．You can’t miss him. He__________________ (wear)a dark green suit and a yellow tie waiting for you.

8. I ______________________ (tell)you about my plan, but you stopped me before I could speak.

9. Will you ______________________ (use)your computer this time tomorrow?

10. I ____________________ (close)the kitchen door when a little mouse popped its head out.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．快！客人就要来了！

Hurry up! The guests ______________________ at any minute!

2．我们将在澳大利亚过冬。

______________________ the winter in Australia.

3．我要写信告诉皮特先生关于汤姆的新房子的事。

 ______________________Mr.Pitt and tell him about Tom’s new house.

4．请你把钢琴搬进这里来，好吗？

______________________ the piano in here?

5．现在他们正坐在教室里听录音。明天这个时候他们会坐在电影院里看电影。

Now they ______________________ in their classroom and listening to a tape. This time tomorrow they ______________________ in the cinema.

将来进行时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

过去将来时表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在主句谓语动词为过去时态的宾语从句中。过去将来时句子中有时包含时间状语the next day，soon等。

例句与总结

1．I was about to get the letter.

2．They said the letter inside would explain what it was all about.

3．The director said he would meet the famous actor the next day.

4．They were going to find someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside.

总结：

1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法

过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。

Jeff knew he would be tired the next day.

He promised that he would not open the letter until 2 o’clock.

She said that she wouldn’t do that again.

表示过去将来时的其他表达法

1. was/were going to＋动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。

I thought it was going to rain.

2. was/were to＋动词原形（重点）：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。

She said she was to get married next month.

3. was/were about to＋动词原形（重点）：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。

I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.

4. was/were＋现在分词（重点）：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come，go，leave，arrive，begin，start，stop，close，open，die，join，borrow，buy等瞬间动词。

Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.

[即学即练]　完成句子

1．莉莉说晚上将有一场音乐会。Lily said there _____________________________ that evening.

2．她确信她会成功。She was sure she _____________________________．

3．我想知道我们什么时候出发。I wanted to know when we _____________________________．

4．他说运动会就要开始了。He said the sport meet _____________________________．

5．他说他今晚要走。He said he _____________________________ tonight.

KEYS：

1．there would be a concert 2．would succeed．3． were going to set off． 4． was about to begin 5．was leaving

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．When he was young，he ________ sit in front of the TV set for hours every day.

2．I was sure that they ________ not do that again.

3．Whenever she had time，she ________ come to see us.

4．He said that he ________ (leave) at six the next day.

5．No body knew why he ________ (go) to the big city.

6．He hoped his wife ________ (come) soon.

7．He was about ________ (leave) when someone knocked at the door of his office.

8．He said he ________ (learn) French next week.

9．I noticed that it ________ (rain) when I looked at the sky.

10．He said he ________ be ninety years old in two years.

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

The two gentlemen had been having a heated argument for a couple of days，and had decided to make a bet which 1. ________ settle their argument. They 2. ________ (find) someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside. They invited him into their house，3. ________ Henry told them he had landed in Britain 4. ________ accident. Although he had gone to the American consulate 5.to seek help，he had not received any. Henry hoped that the brothers 6. ________ offer him some jobs because he had no money. Henry got upset with the brothers 7. ________ they seemed too happy about his bad luck. They quickly told him not to feel that way and they gave him an envelope with money in it. They said the letter inside 8. ________ explain what it was all about，but he had to postpone 9. ________ (open) it until 2 o’clock. Henry felt that was odd. The story ended with Henry leaving their house and promising that he 10. ________(not) open the letter until 2 o’clock.

KEYS：

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1． would 2． would 3． would 4． was leaving 5． was going 6． was coming7． to leave 8． was going to learn 9． was going to rain 10． would

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

1.would 2.were going to find 3.where 4.by 5.to 6.would 7.when 8.would 9.opening 10.would not

过去将来时最先出现在Clarissa Study。

观察以下例句

We are going to the new water park this afternoon.

They are starting for Beijing tomorrow.

John and I are meeting at 5 this afternoon.

He is finishing his task next week.

规律总结：

规律1： 现在进行时除了表现在正在进行的动作，还可表示计划、安排将要发生的动作或事件，多用于表位置移动动词(短语)， 如go, start, leae, arrive, come, get, travel, take off, set off等;还可用在某些非位移动词上，如meet, finish, do, buy, spend, stay等，此时句中搭配表将来的时间状语。

be doing 表将来与be going to do和will do的比较

观察以下例句

A：Your room is really a mess.

B1: I know. I’m cleaning it today.

B2: I know. I’m going to clean it.

be doing 表将来，强调事先计划好的安排、确定要做的事。be going to do 表说话者的打算和意图。

A: Oh, I’m late. I’m having an important test.

B: Don’t worry. I’ll drive you to school right away.

be doing和will do都表即将发生的事，但will更强调个人意愿和瞬间决定

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

I、单句语法填空

1.I ___________________(leave) for the United States for further study next month.

2. I’ve won a holiday for a week to Guilin. I ____________________(take) my wife and little daughter.

3.—Tonny is off to Hong Kong tomorrow?    —Who____________________(see) him off?

4.—What are Mr. and Mrs.Black doing?        —They ____________________(drink) tea in the garden.

5.—Anny, you __________________(throw) books about. Look, what a mess in your study!    —Sorry, Mom. I won’t do that again.

6. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026____________________ (take) off at 18:20.

7. Send my best wishes to your wife when you ____________________(write) home.

8.—Do you know when he ____________________ again?

  —Sorry, I don’t know. But when he ____________________ , I’ll let you know.(come)

9. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _____________________ off.(take)

10. Look, dark clouds. It ____________________ rain.(go)

KEYS:

1. am leaving   2. am taking   3. is seeing    4. are drinking   5. are always throwing 6. Takes    7. write     8. will come; comes    9. is taking    10. is going to

现在进行时表将来最先出现在Clarissa Study。

被动语态是表示主语是动作的承受者，而不是执行者的语态。它由助动词“be”加上过去分词构成。

例如：
主动语态：She is writing a letter.
被动语态：A letter is being written by her.

基本用法

当我们想强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，可以使用被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：The company made the decision.
被动语态：The decision was made by the company.

当我们不知道或不关心动作的执行者时，可以使用被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：Someone broke the window.
被动语态：The window was broken.

当我们想避免指责或批评某人时，可以使用被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：You made a mistake.
被动语态：A mistake was made.

当我们想在句子中使用动词不定式时，可以使用被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：She wants to study in the United States.
被动语态：It is wanted by her to study in the United States.

注意事项

当使用被动语态时，动作的执行者通常不在句子的主语位置，而是在by短语中。但是，在某些情况下，我们可以省略by短语。
例如：
被动语态：The letter was written.（可以省略by短语）

一些动词不适合使用被动语态，例如不及物动词（如run, sleep）和表状态的动词（如belong, have）。因此，在使用被动语态时，需要注意动词是否能够被转换成被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：He is sleeping.
被动语态：He is being slept.（不正确）
被动语态：He is being watched.（正确）

被动语态可能会使句子变得更加复杂和不清晰，因此，在使用被动语态时，需要注意是否有更好的表达方式。
例如：
主动语态：The company is considering the proposal.
被动语态：The proposal is being considered by the company.（复杂）
更好的表达方式：The proposal is under consideration by the company.（更简洁）

练习与举例

当使用被动语态时，动作的执行者通常不在句子的主语位置，而是在by短语中。但是，在某些情况下，我们可以省略by短语。
例如：
被动语态：The letter was written.（可以省略by短语）

一些动词不适合使用被动语态，例如不及物动词（如run, sleep）和表状态的动词（如belong, have）。因此，在使用被动语态时，需要注意动词是否能够被转换成被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：He is sleeping.
被动语态：He is being slept.（不正确）
被动语态：He is being watched.（正确）

被动语态可能会使句子变得更加复杂和不清晰，因此，在使用被动语态时，需要注意是否有更好的表达方式。
例如：
主动语态：The company is considering the proposal.
被动语态：The proposal is being considered by the company.（复杂）
更好的表达方式：The proposal is under consideration by the company.（更简洁）

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

he cake __________ by my grandmother yesterday.(bake)
The news __________ by the media last night.(report)
The project __________ before the deadline.(complete)
The thief __________ by the police this morning.(catch)
The concert __________ due to bad weather.(cancel)
The window __________ by the wind last night.(break)
The letter __________ to the president last week.(send)
The tickets __________ by the theater for the show.(reserve)
The problem __________ by our team in the meeting.(discuss)
The photos __________ by my friend during the trip.(take)

答案：

was baked
was reported
was completed
was caught
was cancelled
was broken
was sent
were reserved
was discussed
were taken

被动语态 Passive Voice最先出现在Clarissa Study。

在语法学中，谓语（Predicate）是一个句子中用来说明主语所进行、存在或拥有的动作或状态的部分。谓语通常由一个或多个动词和与动词相关的其他词语构成。

举例来说，在句子 “I am studying English” 中， “am studying” 是谓语动词，从动词结构，可以判断是“现在进行时”，”English” 是谓语动词的宾语。在句子 “She sings beautifully” 中， “sings” 是谓语动词，从动词结构，可以判断是“一般现在时”，遵循着“主三单+动三单(+s)”的结构，”beautifully” 是谓语动词的副词。

谓语是句子的一个重要组成部分，它可以帮助我们了解句子所表达的意思和信息。

不同时态的谓语结构（初中要求掌握）

如果想要做好初中的语法题，那么熟记谓语结构是很重要的，

高中还要求掌握的时态

以work为例

16种时态的定义

一般现在时：描述现在或经常性的动作、性质或状态。

一般过去时：主要表示过去发生的动作或所处的状态。

一般将来时：用来表示将要发生的事。

过去将来时：表示从过去某一时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. When I arrived at the airport, the plane was just going to take off.

————————————————————————-

现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

过去进行时：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

一般将来进行时：表示将来某一时刻某一动作正在进行。 e.g. I can’t come tomorrow. I’ll be having a meeting.

过去将来进行时：表示在过去某一时间看将来，某一时间正在发生的动作。常用来表示计划种的事情，不表示主观打算或计划。e.g. We would be flying to London the next day.

————————————————————————-

现在完成时：用来表示完成某事或某一动作，持续到现在的状态，或对现在有影响。

过去完成时：用来指过去的某一特定时间以前就完成的动作。简称：过去的过去。或表示过去某一时间的动作或状态延续到过去某一时间。

将来完成时：用来表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，它常与表将来的时间状语连用。e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.

过去将来完成时：表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作已完成。若表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，此时条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，而主句谓语则通常用过去将来完成时（would+have+过去分词），当然，主句谓语也可根据情况使用“should (could, might)+have+过去分词”。e.g. If I had left sooner, I would have been on time. （要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)）

————————————————————————-

现在完成进行时：表示一个持续到现在的动作；也可表示动作重复。e.g. You’ve been saying for a year that you will keep fit.

过去完成进行时：强调动作从过去的过去开始一直延续到过去某个时间点。e.g. She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直感冒。

将来完成进行时：表示某种情况一直持续到说话人所提及的未来某个时间，并且有可能持续下去。重点在一直持续。该时态并不常见。By the time the sun rises, I shall have been sleeping for ten hours. （太阳升起来之前，我已经睡了10个小时了。）

过去将来完成进行时：表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到对于过去来说的将来某一时间，动作是否继续下去，由上下文决定。e.g. He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. （他说到了春季学期末，他就学了三年英语了。）

初高-谓语（时态、语态）结构汇总最先出现在Clarissa Study。

Definition & Examples

The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues until the present or has just finished. It is formed using the auxiliary verb “has/have” + the past participle of the main verb”done”.

Example sentences:

I have been living in this city for 5 years.
She has just finished reading the book.
They have been working on this project for months.

It is also used to describe a past experience or event with a connection to the present.

Example sentences:

I have visited Paris twice.
He has seen that movie three times.
We have been friends since childhood.

Here are some key words that are often associated with the present perfect tense:

already
yet
just
since
for
lately
recently
up to now
till now

Note that these words are not necessary to form the present perfect tense, but they can help you identify it in a sentence and also understand the time frame being referred to.

现在完成时-中文解析

Here are some exercises on the present perfect tense

Exercise 1:

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in present perfect tense:

I __________ (write) five letters this morning.
She __________ (live) in New York for 5 years.
We __________ (visit) the museum last week.
They __________ (study) for the exam since yesterday.
He __________ (read) two books this month.

Answers:

have written
has lived
have visited
have been studying
has read

Exercise 2:

Convert the following sentences from simple past to present perfect tense:

I went to the park yesterday.
She saw a movie last night.
They finished the project last week.
He visited his grandparents last month.
We had a picnic last Saturday.

Answers:

I have gone to the park yesterday.
She has seen a movie last night.
They have finished the project last week.
He has visited his grandparents last month.
We have had a picnic last Saturday.

Tense-现在完成时 The Present Perfect Tense(CN/EN)最先出现在Clarissa Study。

The Past Continuous Tense is a verb tense used to describe an action that was in progress in the past and was interrupted. It is also used to describe two actions that were taking place at the same time in the past.

Structure:
Subject + was/were + verb-ing

For example:

I was studying for the test when my friend called.
She was walking to the store when it started to rain.

The auxiliary verb “was” is used with singular subjects, and “were” is used with plural subjects. The verb form “-ing” is added to the base form of the verb to indicate continuous action.

The Past Continuous Tense is often used in conjunction with the Simple Past Tense to show that one action was interrupted by another action in the past. For example:

I was studying for the test when my friend called. (The action of studying was in progress and was interrupted by the call from my friend.)

The key words for the Past Continuous Tense include the auxiliary verbs “was” and “were” and the “-ing” form of verbs, which indicate continuous action in the past. Some common key words that signal the use of the Past Continuous Tense include:

While
When
As
At the time that
All day/night/morning/afternoon
For (period of time)
The whole time

For example:

I was studying while he was cooking dinner. (While is a key word indicating the two actions were taking place at the same time in the past)
She was walking when it started to rain. (When is a key word indicating the action of walking was interrupted by the action of it starting to rain)
They were singing as they walked down the street. (As is a key word indicating the two actions were taking place at the same time in the past)
At the time that I was studying, my roommate was watching TV. (At the time that is a key word indicating the two actions were taking place at the same time in the past)
I was working all day yesterday. (All day is a key word indicating the action took place continuously over a period of time in the past)
They were playing soccer for two hours. (For two hours is a key word indicating the action took place continuously over a period of time in the past)
He was reading the whole time I was cooking. (The whole time is a key word indicating the action took place continuously over a period of time in the past)

过去进行时-中文解析

习题-Exercises

xercise 1:
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.

She ________ (walk) to the store when she saw her friend. (was walking)
They ________ (play) basketball all afternoon. (were playing)
I ________ (watch) TV when the power went out. (was watching)
He ________ (study) for the test when his phone rang. (was studying)
We ________ (cook) dinner when you arrived. (were cooking)

Exercise 2:
Convert the following sentences into the Past Continuous Tense:

I walked to the store. (I was walking to the store.)
She played the piano. (She was playing the piano.)
They read a book. (They were reading a book.)
He watched a movie. (He was watching a movie.)
We studied for the test. (We were studying for the test.)

Key words: while, all day, as, when

Exercise 3:
Use the key words to write sentences in the Past Continuous Tense:

While: I was studying while she was cooking dinner.
When: The power went out when I was watching TV.
As: They were singing as they walked down the street.
All day: She was working all day yesterday.
For: He was playing basketball for two hours.

Tense-过去进行时 the Past Continuous Tense（CN/EN）最先出现在Clarissa Study。

The structure of a sentence in the simple past tense is:
Subject + Verb (past tense) + Object (optional)

Examples of simple past tense sentences:

She walked to the store.
He ate a sandwich for lunch.
The sun set behind the mountains.

The Simple Past Tense can be used to form affirmative sentences, negative sentences, general questions, and special questions.

Affirmative Sentence: Subject + Past Tense Verb
Example: She walked to the store.

Negative Sentence: Subject + Did Not + Base Form of Verb
Example: She did not walk to the store.

General Question: Did + Subject + Base Form of Verb
Example: Did she walk to the store?

Special Question: Wh- Word + Did + Subject + Base Form of Verb
Example: Where did she walk to?

Here are some common key words in the Simple Past Tense:

Yesterday
Last night/week/month/year
Ago
In (year)

For example:

He walked to the park yesterday. (Yesterday is a key word indicating the action took place in the past)
She ate sushi for lunch last week. (Last week is a key word indicating the action took place in the past)
I visited my grandparents two weeks ago. (Ago is a key word indicating the action took place in the past)
They traveled to Europe in 2019. (In 2019 is a key word indicating the action took place in the past)

一般过去时-中文解析

一般过去时常用于描述已发生的动作或状态，结构为：主语+v.(过去式)。

习题-Exercises

Exercise 1:

Change the following verbs from the present tense to the simple past tense:

I go to the store. (I went to the store.)
She drinks coffee every morning. (She drank coffee every morning.)
He reads a book every night. (He read a book last night.)
We play tennis on weekends. (We played tennis last weekend.)
They watch TV every evening. (They watched TV yesterday evening.)

Exercise 2:

Fill in the blank with the correct verb form in the simple past tense:

Yesterday, I __________ (walk) to the park. (walked)
She __________ (sing) in the choir last night. (sang)
He __________ (run) a marathon last month. (ran)
We __________ (eat) at a new restaurant last week. (ate)
They __________ (dance) at the party until midnight. (danced)

Exercise 3:

Write complete sentences in the simple past tense:

__________ (visit) his grandparents last weekend. (He visited his grandparents last weekend.)
__________ (study) for the test all night. (She studied for the test all night.)
__________ (travel) to Europe last summer. (They traveled to Europe last summer.)
__________ (run) 10 miles yesterday. (I ran 10 miles yesterday.)
__________ (eat) sushi for lunch. (We ate sushi for lunch.)

Tense-一般过去时 the Simple Past Tense（CN/EN）最先出现在Clarissa Study。