根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句

一、特点

最明显的特点：从句和主句的关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开；

关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose，as；

关系副词: where, when, why

定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整。

The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.

This is the man ( who/ whom/that ) the police have been searching for.

I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.

非限制性定语从句

一、特点

从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。

关系代词: which, who, whom, whose, as

关系副词: where, when,（注意，没有why）

②从句和主句关系不紧密，去掉从句，主句意思仍完整。

My new car, which I paid several pounds for, is not running. (which 指代先行词my new car)

He is English, which I know from his accent. (which指代整个主句的内容)

二、引导词的使用

(1)非限制性定语从句不用that引导

非限制性定语从句的关系代词无论指“物”还是指“人”，都不能用that。指人时，如果关系代词在从句中作主语，则用who, 作宾语则用whom; 指物时要用which。关系代词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。

Holly, who is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.。

The book , which my mother bought for me yesterday ,is very interesting.

(2)关系代词和关系副词的选择

关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用关系代词; 在从句中作状语时，用关系副词。

The old man has a daughter, who is an artist.  (who 在从句中作主语)

Opposite is St. Paul’s Cathedral，where you can hear some lovely music.  (where在从向中作地点状语)

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句，意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)

My elder sister, who has settled in Beijing, sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居，她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句，言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)

He is the man who has been removed from the company.  他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)

The project, which lasted three years, cost no less than 1 billion dollars. 这个工程历时3年，耗资多达10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)

(3)先行词不同

This is the best novel that I have ever read.  (限制性定语从句，先行词是the best novel)

The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.  (非限制性定语从句，先行词是the novel)

She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.  她说她已经完成了工作，对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句)

(4)关系词的使用情况不同

①that, why不能引导非限制性定语从句，要用which/ who/whom代替that,  用for which代替why。

Most people didn’t vote for him, which disappointed him.   大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。

I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.   我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。

②关系代词的替代情况不同

a.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句句中作宾语时可用who/that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who/that代替。

This is the man whom/who/that they are taking about.  这就是他们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)

The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.这个年轻人交了一个新女朋友，他想给她留下深刻印象。(非限制性定语从句)

b.在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可以用 who, that或whom; 但在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时,关系代词只能用who或whom。

She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher. 她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。

③关系代词的省略情况不同

关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。

The film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.  我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)

The film, which I saw a few days ago, is well worth seeing.  这部电影很值得一看，我几天前看过。(非限制性定语从句)

Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.  露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句) .

Lucy has an elder brother, who works in a hospital. 露西有一个哥哥，他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

语法填空

1．On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.

2．He later set up China’s first draft bank, Rishengchang, ________ later had 35 branches across the country.

3．In China, chopsticks are called kuaizi,________is a word made up of characters meaning quick and “bamboo”.

4．But Sarah, ___________has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

5．There are a wide variety of activities at the festival, most of _________ are popular among young people.

6．We all know that there are various types of pollution around us, ________ may cause different kinds of environmental problems.

7．In their class there are altogether 54 students, half of ________ wear glasses.

8．The result was not the same as they had expected, ________ was rather disappointing.

9．Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of ________ was very reasonable.

10．He had skin cancer, ________ made him ready to give up.

定语从句 3 – 非限制性定语从句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

关系代词作介词宾语：介词+关系代词 which/whom。先行词指物时，用which；先行词指人时用whom。

基本用法

一、单个介词+which/ whom

①根据和从句中动词的搭配：
The man with whom I talked just now is from Beijing University.刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。（talk with sb和某人说话）

②根据和从句中形容词的搭配：
Yesterday I visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我参观了杭州著名的西湖。（be famous for “以……而闻名”.）

③根据和先行词的搭配：
He built a telescope, through which he could study stars. 他架起一架望远镜，通过它可以研究星星。（through a telescope通过望远镜）

④根据句意   注意：定语从句的谓语动词如果是以介词结尾的短语动词，则不可把介词移至从句之首，如： look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。
My computer, without which I can’t play computer games, broke down yesterday.  昨天我的电脑坏了，没有它我不能玩电脑游戏。
This is the pen that / which you are looking for. 这是我正在找的钢笔。 不说：This is the pen for which I’m looking.  

二、介词短语+which/ whom

Jack was a famous doctor, with the help of whom they succeeded in the operation.杰克是一位名医，在他的帮助下他们成功做了手术。

He works in a factory, in front of which lies a river. 他在一个工厂工作，工厂前面有一条河。

三、不定代词/数词/名词+of which/ whom (of which/ whom也可放前)

He has two sons, both of whom/ of whom both are doctors. 他有两个儿子，他们都是医生。

John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom/ of whom most are family members. 约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分都是自家人。

There are 60 students in our class, 41 of whom/ of whom 41 are girls 我们班有60名学生，其中41名是女生。

He mentioned a book, the title of which /of which the title I’ve forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名字我忘了。

四、the+形容词比较级或最高级/ 序数词+of which/ whom （of which/ whom 也可放前)

Our university has many labs, the largest of which/ of which the largest was built last year. 我们学校有许多实验室，最大的是去年建造的。

In his office there are nine clerks, the youngest of whom/ of whom the youngest is Mr. Liu. 他办公室有9位职员, 其中最年轻的是刘先生。

I was given three books on cooking, the first of which/ of which the first I really enjoyed. 别人给我三本关于烹饪的书，我很喜欢第一本。

五、介词+ which/whose+名词 （which/whose作名词的定语）

He may be late, in which case we’ll have to put off the meeting. 他也许会迟到，那样的话我们只好推迟会议了。

The boss, in whose company Mr. Smith works, is my friend.这个老板是我的朋友，史密斯先生在他的公司工作。

I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far. 我感谢史密斯教授, 没有他的帮助, 我永远不会取得如此的成就。

注意和并列句的区别：

The old man has three sons , one of whom is a teacher. (定语从句，用引导词whom)  

The old man has three sons, and one of them is a teacher.(并列句，用代词them)

The old man has three sons; one of them is a teacher. (分号“；”后的句子是并列句，用代词them)

补充三种特殊情况

1.since when引导的定语从句，when指代前面句子所提供的时间背景，从句中多用现在完成时。

That was in 1997, since when things have been better. 那是在1997年，从那时起情况就已经好转了。（since when指代 since 1997）

比较：That was in 1997, when things were better. 那是在1997年，那时情况有了好转。( when指代in 1997)

2.from where引导的定语从句  ，表示从某一个地点。

Tom hid himself behind the door, from where he could hear the steps of his mother clearly. （from where指代  from behind the door） 汤姆躲在门后，从那里他可以清楚地听到妈妈的脚步声。

3.介词+which/ whom+ to do，相当于介词+which/ whom引导的定语从句。

I have only $10 with which to buy him a present. 我只有10美元来给他买礼物。（=with which I could buy him a present）

I want to make friends with Jack from whom to improve my English. 我想和杰克交朋友，从他那儿提高我的英语水平。（=from whom I can improve my English）

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

填空题

1.It is a famous school_______ _______he graduated 3 years ago.
2.The chair _______ _______he is sitting now is made of wood.

3.Do you remember the day _______ _______ you joined our club?

4.They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of _______ many strange birds were seen. 

5.Eric received training in computer for one year, _______ _______ he found a job in a big company.

6.Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of _______ sit three students.

7.The plane _______ _______ we flew to Canada is very comfortable.
8.There are many reasons _______ _______ people like traveling. 

9.This is the iPad ______ _______ I spent 3000 yuan.

10.This is my pair of glasses, _______ _______ I cannot see clearly.

11. He’ll never forget the day _______ _______ he was admitted to the Olympic Games for the first time.

12.The musicians _____ ______ we have great  interest  toured Europe with us.

13 Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill ______ ______ school education depends.

14. Who can give me the reason_______ _______  he hasn’t turned up yet?

15. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _______ _______ she could turn for help.

KEYS：

1. from which 2. on which 3. on which 4. which 5. after which

6. whom 7. in which 8. for which 9. on which 10. without which

11. on which 12.in whom 13. on which 14. for which 15.to whom

定语从句 2 – 介词+关系代词最先出现在Clarissa Study。

定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，它通常用于句子中作定语。它能够更加详细地描述或限制名词或代词的范围，使得句子的表达更加准确。

以下是一些例句：

The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
The man who is talking to John is my boss.
The restaurant where we had dinner last night was really expensive.

在这些例句中，定语从句修饰了名词“book”、“man”和“restaurant”，被定语从句修饰的名词叫“先行词”，我们需要通过分析先行词来确定关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词 which, who, that, whom, whose

关系代词是连接定语从句和主句的关键词，它们有三个，分别是：that、who、which、whom（作宾语）,whose（作定语，”……的“）。在选择关系代词时需要注意以下几点：

关系代词有三个，分别是that、who和which。它们在定语从句中的使用如下：

that: 可用于修饰人或物，用于限制性定语从句中，可用于主语或宾语位置。

The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (修饰物，限制性定语从句，作主语)
The man (that) I met yesterday is my boss. (修饰人，限制性定语从句，作宾语)

who/whom: 用于修饰人，可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中，常用于主语或宾语位置。

The woman who is singing is my sister. (修饰人，限制性定语从句，作主语)

The boy (who/whom) you are talking about is my classmate.（修饰人，限制性定语从句，作宾语）
My friend, who is a doctor, recommended this hospital. (修饰人，非限制性定语从句，作主语)

which: 用于修饰物，可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中，常用于主语或宾语位置。

The car (which) I bought last year is very reliable. (修饰物，限制性定语从句，作主语)
The new building, which is still under construction, will be finished next year. (修饰物，非限制性定语从句，作主语)

“Whose”可以用于引导定语从句，用来修饰一个名词或代词，并说明这个名词或代词所属的人或物。

The man whose car was stolen reported the theft to the police. (那个车被盗的男人向警方报案了。)
The boy whose mother is a doctor is very intelligent. (那个母亲是医生的男孩非常聪明。)
I met a woman yesterday whose husband is a famous musician. (昨天我遇到了一位丈夫是著名音乐家的女士。)
The company whose products we sell is based in Germany. (我们销售的那家公司的产品是德国制造的。)
Do you know the girl whose brother is a movie star? (你认识那个哥哥是电影明星的女孩吗？)

需要注意的是，”whose”后面跟的是名词或代词，而不是动词，因此它所引导的定语从句中，谓语动词的形式要与先行词的数保持一致。同时，”whose”可以用于人和物，表示所属关系，是一个非常有用的关系代词。

注意：

1、在非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开）中只能用who或which，不能用that。

2、关系代词在从句中作宾语时，可省略。

3、先行词是人，用who/that，先行词是物，用which/that。

4、无论先行词是人还是物，都可以用whose，表示”….的”。

关系副词 where, when, why

关系副词也是连接定语从句和主句的关键词，它们有三个，分别是：where，when和why，where用于修饰地点；when用于修饰时间；why用于修饰原因，可转换为“介词＋which”。when, where可根据先行词、从句的谓语及句意来决定适当的介词，但是关系副词why只可转换为“for＋which”。

I am looking forward to the day when(＝on which)my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 我正期盼着那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。

We found the wooden house where(＝in which)the old man lives. 我们找到了老人住的木屋。

The park where we had a picnic last weekend was very beautiful. (上个周末我们野餐的公园非常漂亮。)

Do you remember the time when we first met? (你还记得我们第一次见面的时间吗？)

The year when we graduated from college was a very important year for us. (我们大学毕业的那一年对我们来说非常重要。)

抽象地点，用where

表示抽象地点的名词(case, situation, condition, atmosphere, activity, job, career, point等)作先行词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。

They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan. 他们现在处于一种需要制订一个切实可行的计划的处境。

The manager is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work. 经理正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，员工喜欢他们的工作。

Students should take part in community activities where they can gain experience. 学生应该参与社区活动，他们能从活动中获取经验。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Fill in the blanks with "which, who, whom, that, whose, when, where, why".
The house _______ is located on the top of the hill belongs to my uncle.
The boy _______ father is a doctor won the first prize in the math competition.
The book _______ I read last month was very interesting.
The day _______ we spent in the park was unforgettable.
The woman, _______ I met on the plane, is a famous actress.
The computer _______ you bought last week is very expensive.
The city _______ he was born is known for its delicious food.
The restaurant _______ we had dinner last night is very famous.
The time _______ I spent with my family during the holiday was precious.
The beach _______ we went last summer was beautiful.

KEYS：

that
whose
that/which
when
whom
that/which
where
where
that/which
that/which

定语从句 1 – 关系代词与关系副词最先出现在Clarissa Study。