定语从句 3 – 非限制性定语从句

定语从句的两种类型

根据定语从句与先行词之间关系紧密程度,我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句

一、特点

最明显的特点:从句和主句的关系紧密,中间不用逗号隔开;

关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose,as;

关系副词: where, when, why

定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语如果去掉,主句意思就不完整

The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.

This is the man ( who/ whom/that ) the police have been searching for.

I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.

非限制性定语从句

一、特点

从句和主句之间用逗号隔开

关系代词: which, who, whom, whose, as

关系副词: where, when,(注意,没有why)

②从句和主句关系不紧密,去掉从句,主句意思仍完整

My new car, which I paid several pounds for, is not running. (which 指代先行词my new car)

He is English, which I know from his accent. (which指代整个主句的内容)

二、引导词的使用

(1)非限制性定语从句不用that引导

非限制性定语从句的关系代词无论指“物”还是指“人”,都不能用that。,如果关系代词在从句中作主语,则who, 作宾语则用whom; which。关系代词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。

Holly, who is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.。

The book , which my mother bought for me yesterday ,is very interesting.

(2)关系代词和关系副词的选择

关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,用关系代词; 在从句中作状语时,用关系副词

The old man has a daughter, who is an artist.  (who 在从句中作主语)

Opposite is St. Paul’s Cathedral,where you can hear some lovely music.  (where在从向中作地点状语)

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

 (1)功能不同

定语从句与先行词的关系能否去掉
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可去掉,否则主句意思不完整
非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明可去掉,去掉后主句意思仍然完整

My elder sister who has settled in Beijing sends me an e-mail almost every day.我已在北京定居的姐姐几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(限制性定语从句,意思是“我”可能还有其他姐姐)

My elder sister, who has settled in Beijing, sends me an e-mail almost every day.我姐姐已在北京定居,她几乎每天都给我发一封电子邮件。(非限制性定语从句,言外之意是“我”只有一个姐姐)

(2)形式不同

限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后,不用逗号隔开
非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开

He is the man who has been removed from the company.  他就是那个被公司开除的人。(限制性定语从句)

The project, which lasted three years, cost no less than 1 billion dollars. 这个工程历时3年,耗资多达10亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)

(3)先行词不同

定语从句先行词
限制性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语
非限制性定语从句名词、代词,名词性短语或整个主句

This is the best novel that I have ever read(限制性定语从句,先行词是the best novel)

The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.  (非限制性定语从句,先行词是the novel)

She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.  她说她已经完成了工作,对此我深感怀疑。(非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句)

(4)关系词的使用情况不同

①that, why不能引导非限制性定语从句,要用which/ who/whom代替that,  for which代替why

Most people didn’t vote for him, which disappointed him.   大多数人没有投票支持他,这使他感到失望。

I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.   我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。

关系代词的替代情况不同

a.关系代词whom限制性定语从句中作宾语时who/that代替,但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可who/that替。

This is the man whom/who/that they are taking about.  这就是他们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)

The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.这个年轻人交了一个新女朋友,他想给她留下深刻印象。(非限制性定语从句)

b.在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时,关系代词可以用 who, thatwhom; 但在非限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时,关系代词只能用whowhom

She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher. 她有一个弟弟,他是一名英语老师。

关系代词的省略情况不同

关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略,而非限制性定语从句所有关系词均不可省略

The film (which/that) I saw a few days ago is well worth seeing.  我几天前看过的那部电影很值得一看。(限制性定语从句)

The film, which I saw a few days ago, is well worth seeing.  这部电影很值得一看,我几天前看过。(非限制性定语从句)

(5)翻译方式不同

限制性定语从句一般译为定语
非限制性定语从句一般译为并列分句

Lucy has an elder brother who works in a hospital.  露西有一个在医院工作的哥哥。(限制性定语从句) .

Lucy has an elder brother, who works in a hospital. 露西有一个哥哥,他在医院工作。(非限制性定语从句)

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

语法填空

1.On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.

2.He later set up China’s first draft bank, Rishengchang, ________ later had 35 branches across the country.

3.In China, chopsticks are called kuaizi,________is a word made up of characters meaning quick and “bamboo”.

4.But Sarah, ___________has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

5.There are a wide variety of activities at the festival, most of _________ are popular among young people.

6.We all know that there are various types of pollution around us, ________ may cause different kinds of environmental problems.

7.In their class there are altogether 54 students, half of ________ wear glasses.

8.The result was not the same as they had expected, ________ was rather disappointing.

9.Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of ________ was very reasonable.

10.He had skin cancer, ________ made him ready to give up.

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