状语从句是一个从句，用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等成分，表示时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较等关系。状语从句通常由从属连词引导，连接主句和从句。

分类

下面我们来看看状语从句的分类：

时间状语从句
时间状语从句用来表示主句中的动作发生的时间，通常由when, while, as, before, after, since, until等从属连词引导。
例如：

• She was watching TV when I arrived.
• I always listen to music while I’m cooking.
• As I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend.
• Before I go to bed, I like to read for a little while.

条件状语从句
条件状语从句用来表示主句中的动作发生的条件，通常由if, unless, provided that等从属连词引导。
例如：

• If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay inside.
• Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exam.
• Provided that you finish your work, you can leave early.

原因状语从句
原因状语从句用来表示主句中的动作发生的原因，通常由because, since, as, now that等从属连词引导。
例如：

• I didn’t go to the party because I was feeling sick.
• Since it’s raining outside, we’ll stay in.
• Now that you’re here, let’s get started.

目的状语从句
目的状语从句用来表示主句中的动作的目的，通常由so that, in order that等从属连词引导。
例如：

• I’m studying hard so that I can pass the exam.
• We need to save money in order that we can buy a new car.

1. 结果状语从句
   结果状语从句用来表示主句中的动作的结果，通常由so that, such that, so…that等从属连词引导。
   例如：

• The rain was so heavy that we couldn’t go outside.
• He was such a good teacher that we all learned a lot.

让步状语从句
让步状语从句用来表示主句中的动作虽然有困难但还是要做，通常由although, even though, though等从属连词引导。
例如：

• Although it was raining, we still went for a walk.
• Even though he’s busy, he always makes time for his family.

比较状语从句
比较状语从句用来表示主句中的动作与从句中的动作进行比较，通常由as…as, than等从属连词引导。
例如：

• She’s not as tall as her sister.
• He runs faster than I do.

最后，让我们来看看一些例句：

• When I was young, I used to play soccer every day.
• If you don’t have a ticket, you can’t get in.
• Because it’s Sunday, the stores are closed.
• So that we don’t get lost, let’s bring a map.
• The traffic was so bad that we were late for the meeting.
• Although it’s cold outside, I’m not wearing a coat.
• She sings as beautifully as a bird.

希望这些例句能够帮助大家更好地理解状语从句的用法。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

1. ___________ I finish my homework, I can watch TV.
   A. Unless
   B. Because
   C. After
   D. While
2. ___________ he was sleeping, the phone rang.
   A. When
   B. If
   C. So that
   D. As though
3. ___________ you study hard, you will pass the exam.
   A. As if
   B. Although
   C. Provided that
   D. Such that
4. ___________ we get lost, we can use the map.
   A. In case
   B. Until
   C. Since
   D. So that
5. ___________ he’s busy, he always finds time for his family.
   A. Even though
   B. Unless
   C. Before
   D. As long as
6. ___________ it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay inside.
   A. Unless
   B. Before
   C. Because
   D. If
7. ___________ she’s sick, she still went to work.
   A. Although
   B. As though
   C. Until
   D. So that
8. ___________ he’s not feeling well, he still went to the party.
   A. Although
   B. In case
   C. Since
   D. As if
9. ___________ we were lost, we kept walking.
   A. Even though
   B. Before
   C. Provided that
   D. As though
10. ___________ she’s on a diet, she still eats junk food.
    A. Although
    B. In case
    C. Until
    D. So that

答案：

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A

状语从句-汇总最先出现在Clarissa Study。

目的状语从句是一种从属从句，用来表达主句中的动作或状态的目的或意图。它通常由“so that”、“in order that”、等引导，放在主句之后。常可以转化成不定式 in order to, to do, for the purpose of，构成简单句。

以下是一些例句：

• I’m studying hard so that I can pass the exam.
  （我正在努力学习，以便能够通过考试。）
• She bought a new dress in order that she could look nice at the party. = She bought a new dress in order to look nice in the party.
  （她买了一条新裙子，以便在聚会上看起来漂亮。）
• We’re saving money for the purpose of buying a new car.
  （我们正在存钱，为了购买一辆新车。）

在目的状语从句中，动词通常使用“can”或“could”，表示能够或可能实现目的。需要注意的是，目的状语从句中的主语通常与主句的主语一致。

目的状语从句有助于表达主语的意图或目的，使语言更加清晰明了。例如，如果没有目的状语从句，上述例句可能会变成：

• I’m studying hard.（我正在努力学习。）
• She bought a new dress.（她买了一条新裙子。）
• We’re saving money.（我们正在存钱。）

这些句子缺少了目的状语从句，使得读者无法准确理解主语的目的或意图。因此，目的状语从句在英语中是非常重要的一种语法结构。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

1. I’m studying hard __________ I can pass the exam.
   A. because
   B. so that
   C. although
   D. while
2. She bought a new dress __________ she could look nice at the party.
   A. because
   B. in order that
   C. although
   D. while
3. We’re saving money __________ buy a new car.
   A. because
   B. in order to
   C. although
   D. while
4. He’s taking a language course __________ he can speak fluently.
   A. because
   B. so that
   C. although
   D. while
5. __________ we were tired, we kept walking.
   A. Because
   B. So that
   C. Although
   D. When
6. We need to hurry _________ we don’t miss the train.
   A. because
   B. so that
   C. although
   D. while
7. He’s working overtime _________ he can finish the project on time.
   A. because
   B. so that
   C. although
   D. while
8. She’s taking a cooking class _________ she can learn to make new dishes.
   A. because
   B. in order that
   C. although
   D. while
9. They’re going to the gym every day _________ they can get in shape.
   A. because
   B. so that
   C. although
   D. while
10. He’s practicing his guitar _________ he can play in a band.
    A. because
    B. so that
    C. although
    D. while

答案：

1. B
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. D

目的状语从句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

原因状语从句（Adverbial Clause of Reason）是一种状语从句，用来表达某个事件、情况或行为的原因。它通常由一个连词引导，如because、since、as、for, now that等，译为“因为、由于、既然”。

原因状语从句可以出现在句子的开头、中间或结尾，具体位置取决于句子的语境和语气。当原因状语从句出现在句首时，需要使用逗号将其和主句分开。

以下是一些原因状语从句的例句：

• I stayed home today because I was feeling sick.（我今天呆在家里是因为我感觉不舒服。）
• Since it’s raining outside, we should bring an umbrella.（由于外面下雨了，我们应该带把伞。）
• As I have a lot of work to do, I won’t be able to go to the party tonight.（由于我有很多工作要做，今晚我不能去参加聚会。）
• Now that we have finished our project, we can take a break.（既然我们完成了项目，我们可以休息一下了。）

通过原因状语从句，我们可以更加清晰地表达某个事件或行为的原因，使语言更加准确和生动。

注意事项

在使用原因状语从句的连接词时，需要注意以下几点：

1、因为和since的区别：因为(because)和since都可以用来引导原因状语从句，但它们的用法有所不同。因为(because，语气最强)，表达的是直接的原因，而since则表达的是更加间接的原因。例如，“因为我生病了，所以我没去上班。”和“由于我生病了，所以我没去上班。”两者的意思相同，但前者更加直接。

2、As的用法：As可以用来引导原因状语从句，但它还可以用来引导时间状语从句或方式状语从句。因此，在使用As时，需要根据上下文来判断它的具体含义。

3、Now that的用法：Now that通常用来引导已经发生的情况或事件的原因状语从句。例如，“既然你已经到了这里，为什么不留下来吃晚饭呢？”

4、语气的变化：原因状语从句可以用来表达肯定、否定或疑问的意思。例如，“我没去上班，因为我生病了。”和“你为什么不来参加聚会呢？因为你有其他的事情要做吗？”这两个例句分别表达了肯定和疑问的语气。

5、“for”也可以用来引导原因状语从句。”for”引导的原因状语从句通常用于口语或非正式的写作中，用来表示”因为”的意思。
例如：
I couldn’t go to the party last night, for I had to work overtime.（昨晚我不能去参加聚会，因为我要加班。）
She didn’t have breakfast this morning, for she was running late.（今天早上她没有吃早餐，因为她赶时间。）
需要注意的是，”for”引导的原因状语从句在正式的写作中不太常用，而且有时会被认为是过时的用法。因此，在正式的写作中，建议使用更为常见的”because”或”since”来引导原因状语从句。

总之，在使用原因状语从句的连接词时，需要根据具体的语境和语气来选择合适的连接词，以便更加准确地表达原因。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

语法单项选择

1. ________ he was sick, he didn’t go to work.
   A. For
   B. Although
   C. Because
   D. So
2. I can’t go out ________ I finish my homework.
   A. Because
   B. Unless
   C. While
   D. Since
3. ________ he is rich, he is not happy.
   A. Although
   B. Because
   C. Unless
   D. If
4. ________ he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
   A. Unless
   B. If
   C. Since
   D. Although
5. I’m going to stay at home ________ it rains.
   A. Unless
   B. Since
   C. If
   D. Because
6. ________ you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.
   A. If
   B. Although
   C. Because
   D. Since
7. I won’t be able to come to the party ________ I have to work.
   A. Unless
   B. If
   C. Although
   D. Because
8. ________ she is a doctor, she doesn’t know everything.
   A. Although
   B. If
   C. Since
   D. Unless
9. I’m going to the beach ________ the weather is nice.
   A. Since
   B. If
   C. Unless
   D. Although
10. ________ he had known the truth, he wouldn’t have made that mistake.
    A. If
    B. Unless
    C. Although
    D. Since

答案：

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. A

原因状语从句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

让步状语从句是指表示尽管有某种情况存在，但另一种情况仍然成立的从句。它常常使用虽然、尽管、即使等引导词引导，常见的连接词有：although, though, ,while, even though, even if, while, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding, regardless of等。

用法

让步状语从句通常用于表示一种转折关系，即主句和从句之间存在一定的矛盾或对比。它可以用于句首、句中或句末，具体位置取决于句子的语境和需要强调的内容。在句子中，让步状语从句通常放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。

这些连接词可以分为两类：表示让步的连接词和表示转折的连接词。

1. 表示让步的连接词
   这类连接词用于引导真实条件让步状语从句，表示尽管有某种情况存在，但另一种情况仍然成立。例如：

• Although he is rich, he is not happy.（尽管他很富有，但他并不快乐。）
• Even though she was tired, she continued to work.（即使她很累，她还是继续工作。）
• Even though he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his work.（即使他很累，他还是熬夜完成了工作。）

2. 表示转折的连接词
   这类连接词用于引导虚拟条件让步状语从句，表示即使某种情况不存在，另一种情况仍然成立。例如：

• While I don’t agree with him, I respect his opinion.（虽然我不同意他的观点，但我尊重他的意见。）
• In spite of the bad weather, they still went camping.（尽管天气不好，他们还是去野营了。）
• Despite the fact that she was sick, she managed to attend the meeting.（尽管她生病了，她还是参加了会议。）
• Though he is young, he is very talented.（虽然他年轻，但他很有才华。）
• Although he didn’t speak English very well, he managed to communicate with the locals.（尽管他的英语不太好，但他还是成功地和当地人交流了。）
• Although it was raining heavily, she still went out for a walk.（尽管下着大雨，她还是出去散步了。）

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

好的，以下是10道考察状语从句连接词的选择题：

1. _________ it was his first time skiing, he did very well on the slopes.
   A. Even though
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
2. _________ she’s not very experienced, she’s still the best candidate for the job.
   A. Even though
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
3. _________ the restaurant was expensive, the food was not very good.
   A. Although
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
4. _________ he was very busy, he still found time to help his friend move.
   A. Even though
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
5. _________ he’s not very tall, he’s still a great basketball player.
   A. Even though
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
6. _ it was raining, we still went to the beach.
   A. Despite
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
7. _________ she’s allergic to cats, she still adopted a kitten.
   A. Although
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
8. _________ he’s not a native speaker, he speaks English fluently.
   A. Even though
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
9. _________ the traffic was terrible, she arrived at the airport on time.
   A. Despite
   B. Because
   C. Therefore
   D. So
10. _________ she’s a vegetarian, she still enjoys eating at steak houses.
    A. Although
    B. Because
    C. Therefore
    D. So

答案：

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A

让步状语从句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

定语从句（形容词性从句）和宾语从句（名词性从句）都是从句的一种，在这里简单介绍，若想了解详细内容，可以看我博客之前的章节。

定语从句：定语从句是用来修饰一个名词或代词的从句，通常紧跟在先行词后面，用来对先行词进行进一步的说明或描述。定语从句通常由关系代词（如who, whom, whose, that, which等）或关系副词（如where, when, why等）引导。

例如：

• The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.（我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。）
• The girl who is sitting next to me is my friend.（坐在我旁边的女孩是我的朋友。）

宾语从句：宾语从句是用来作为主句中的宾语的从句，通常由连接词（如that, whether, if等）引导。宾语从句通常用来表示某种行为、感受、想法或认识等。

例如：

• I don’t know what time it is.（我不知道现在是几点。）
• She asked if I could help her with her homework.（她问我能否帮她做作业。）

总之，定语从句和宾语从句都是从句的一种，它们的作用和引导方式有所不同。

定从which & 宾从what的区别

定语从句中which连接词指代先行词的事物或物品，用来修饰先行词。例如：

• The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.（我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。）

这里的which指代先行词the book，用来修饰它。

而宾语从句中what连接词则用来引导一个宾语从句，表示从句的内容或信息。例如：

• I don’t know what time it is.（我不知道现在是几点。）

这里的what引导宾语从句，表示先行词的内容“现在是几点”。

因此，定语从句中which连接词和宾语从句中what连接词的区别在于，which用来修饰先行词，而what用来表示从句的内容或信息。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

1. The car ________ he bought last week is very expensive.
2. I don’t know ________ time it is.
3. The food ________ we had for dinner was delicious.
4. I don’t know ________ to do next.
5. He asked me ________ my favorite color is.
6. The book ________ I am reading is very interesting.
7. The restaurant ________ we went to last night was very crowded.
8. The movie ________ we watched yesterday was very boring.
9. The city ________ she visited last summer is very beautiful.
10. The dress ________ she wore to the party was very pretty.

答案：

1. which
2. what
3. which
4. what
5. what
6. which
7. which
8. which
9. which
10. which

定从which & 宾从what最先出现在Clarissa Study。

反意疑问句，也叫附加疑问句

附加疑问句包括陈述部分和附加疑问部分。附加疑问部分一般由助动词、be动词或情态动词和表主语的代词构成。

注意“前肯后否、前否后肯”的规律。

分类

如何回答反意疑问句

千万不要被中文限制住，在反意疑问句中，记住：Yes 即表示肯定，No 即表示否定。

试对比这两个例子：

例子一：

– You like coffee, don’t you? 你喜欢咖啡，对吧？
– Yes, I do. 是的，我喜欢。
– No, I don’t. 不，我不喜欢。

例子二：

– You don’t like tea, do you? 你不喜欢茶，对吧？
– Yes, I do. 我喜欢。
– No, I don’t like it. 不，我不喜欢。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

一、完成下列附加疑问句

1 It’s a fine day. Let’s go fishing，___________?

2. If you want help—money or anything，let me know，___________?

3. Brian told you there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time，___________?

4. The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him，___________?

5. Don’t smoke in the meeting room，___________?

6. His wife had the front door painted green yesterday，___________?

7. If you had come yesterday，you might have seen him，___________?

8. When the teacher speaks，we have to keep quiet，___________?

9. He never told us why he was late，___________?

10. I want to do nothing，because there is little point in doing anything about it，___________?

二、根据汉语意思完成句子

1. I’m as tall as your sister, aren’t I?

___________(是的, 你和她一样高。)

2. Tom made no answer, did he?

___________(是的, 他没回答。)

3. He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he?

___________(是的, 他应该知道。)

4. Everything is ready, isn’t it?

___________(不, 还没准备好。)

5. The 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing, weren’t they?

___________(是的, 是在北京。)

6. Michael Jordan started to play basketball in college, didn’t he?

___________(不, 他不是。) He first played in a team in senior high school.

7. David has been to a boxing match, hasn’t he?

___________(不, 他没去过。)He always watches boxing on TV.

8. You can’t cook, can you?

___________(不, 我会。) I’ m good at cooking.

KEYS：

一、1. shall we　   2. will you　    3. didn’t he　   4. didn’t it　  5. will you　   6. didn’t she　 7. mightn’t you　  8. don’t we　   9. did he　   10. is there

二、

1 Yes, you are. 　2. No, he didn’t. 　3. Yes, he ought to. 　4. No, it isn’t. 　5. Yes, they were. 　6. No, he didn’t. 　7. No, he hasn’t. 　8. Yes, I can.

反意疑问句/附加疑问句最先出现在Clarissa Study。

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

1）主语（subject)

一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。比如：   

1. The room is very clean.              （名词）

2. We often speak English.              （代词）

3. To teach them English is my job.（动词不定式）

4. Swimming is good for our health.  (动名词）

5. What we need is food.                （从句）

6. The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)

2）谓语(predicate)

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”，“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词，体现时态和语态，一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：   He practices running every morning.

2、复合谓语：

a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。 

如：He can speak English.

b. 助动词：帮助构成时态和语态，不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。

He doesn’t like speaking Chinese.

I have seen the film before.

He didn’t finish his homework last night.

3) 表语(predicative)

表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样，它一般位于系动词之后，构成主系表结构，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。

常见的系动词：

1. 表状态：be

2. 表感官：look, sound, smell, taste, feel

3. 表变化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

4. 表持续,保持：keep, remain, stay, hold, rest

5. 表似乎,像：seem，appear

例子：划线部分均为表语：

1. I am a teacher.    （名词）                                  

2. I am ten.    （数词）

3. He became rich and successful.  （形容词）         

4. They are at home now.  （ 介词短语）

 4）宾语（object）

宾语：表示动作所涉及的对象，内容或承受者。

宾语的种类：动宾：动词+宾语    介宾：介词+宾语

1. He is playing the piano.（名词）

2. He often helps me.（代词）

3. He likes to watch TV.  (动词不定式）

4. He likes watching TV.  （动词ing)

5）宾语补足语(object complement)

英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后，一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。

1. We called him Dongming.（名词）

2. We saw him playing soccer. （现在分词）

3. We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)

4. We found math difficult.（形容词）

6) 双宾语：IO +DO

直接宾语：在动词后所跟的双宾语中，表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object（简称“直宾”），表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)。

1.He read us the text.        → He read the text to us.

2.My sister wrote me a letter.   → My sister wrote a letter to me.

3.Henry teaches us English.    → Henry teaches English to us.

4.My mother bought me a watch. → My mother bought a watch for me.

5.Her mother made her a cake.    → Her mother made a cake for her.

7）定语(attributive)

　　定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。

◆These are apple trees.  这些是苹果树。(名词)

◆The men here are always busy working on the farm. 这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词)

◆There is nothing to do today.  今天没有事要做。(不定式)

◆The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(现在分词、过去分词短语)

8) 状语(adverbial)

    状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。

1. Tom runs quickly.

2. I get up at six every day.

3. I play soccer very well.

4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.

5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.

6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework.

9) 同位语(appositive)

若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。

◆We students should study hard.  我们学生应该努力学习。

◆Professor Wang, a famous scientist, will give us a talk tomorrow.王教授，一位著名的科学家，明天将给我们做报告。

简单句的基本句型结构

简单句：英语中简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。

英文的基本句型有五种，它们是：

1. 主 + 系 + 表 (SVP)

       英文中的系动词主要是指be动词的各种变化形式，也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有：appear（相似、显得）,become , come（变得） , feel（摸起来） , fall（变得） ,  get（变得） , grow（变得） , hold（保持） , keep ,look,remain（仍然是） , seem  , stand（保持） , stay（保持） , smell , sound , turn（变成） , taste等。

Everything   looks    different.    一切看来都不同了。

主语　　   系动词 　表语 

Computers are　useful [in people’s life]．   电脑在人们的生活中很有用。

　主语　 系动词　表语　　　状语

2. 主 + 谓（SV）

      这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词，没有直接宾语；但常带有状语。例如:

The sun  is rising．  太阳正在升起。

主语　  谓语

The little boy  is crying．  小男孩正在哭泣。

　 主语　　　谓语

3. 主 + 谓+ 宾（SVO）

        这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中，当一个动词（包括单个动词和动词短语）作及物动词用时，它必须要有自己的宾语（除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过，为避免不必要的重复，才会省去。），否则会视为”句子不完整”。

He       is watching       TV．  他正在看电视。

主语　  谓语　        宾语

4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（SVOO）

       此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语：”间接宾语”多由代词或名词充当；”直接宾语”，往往由名词充当。这类句型常有”给某人某物”、”送某人某物”、”留给某人某物”等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有：buy, bring, get(给某人弄到……), give, hand, lend, leave(留给某人…… ), pay, pass(递给某人……), read, rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send, show, tell , take(给某人拿……), teach , write等。例如：

这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。

He　　　　bought　　　　me　  　a birthday present．他给我买了一份生日礼物。

主语　 谓语(及物动词)　间接宾语　　直接宾语

　I　　   showed　　　　him　 　my pictures．我给他看我的照片。

主语    谓语(及物动词)  间接宾语　 直接宾语

常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词

(1) give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, pass, allow, return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。

◆Please hand him a book!   ＝Please hand a book to him!    请递给他一本书。

 (2) buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。

◆Her father bought her a bike．＝Her father bought a bike for her． 她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。

5. 主 + 谓+ 宾 + 宾补（SVOOC）

       有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构（即：宾语 + 宾语补足语）。在这一结构中，宾语补足语是对宾语”做什么”、”怎么样”等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有：

ask(请求，要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe , call(称) ,  cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find , get(使得) , have(使，让) , hear , imagine(想象) , keep , let , listen to , look at ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see , smell, watch(注视，看) , tell等等。

这种句型中的“宾语＋宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。 迈克告诉我不要现在走。

Mike　　told　　  me　 〈not to go now〉． 

主语 谓语(及物动词)  宾语　　宾语补足语

They　　painted　　the door　〈green〉． 他们把门漆成绿色。

主语　 　 谓语　　 宾语　     宾语补足语

Mindmap解析

注意三种句型

1. there be句型

         There be 句型是英语中常用句型， 意思是”有”，表示”人或事物的存在”或”某地有某物”。There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致，即就近原则”，如：

There is a lamp on the table.

There are some apples in the bowl.

There are five books, two pens and a ruler in the school bag.

There is a ruler, two pens and five books in the school bag.

2. 主语＋谓语＋状语(S＋V＋Ad)

They　　     talked　　 [for half an hour]．   他们谈了半个小时。

主语　 　    谓语　　　　　状语

The time　　　passed　　[quickly]. 时光飞逝。

　主语　谓语(不及物动词)　状语

3. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋Ad)

　I　had　　my first maths class　[in senior high]．  在高中我上了第一堂数学课。

主语　谓语　　　　宾语　　　　　　状语

　I　　waited for  him　[at the school gate]．   我在校门口等他。

主语　　谓语　  宾语　　　状语

Exercises

一．辨别下面句子的类型

1. I arrived at six last night.

2. The grass turned green in spring.

3. Please tell me a story before I go to bed.

4. I bought a good English-Chinese Dictionary yesterday.

5. I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.

6. Tom is an American boy.

7. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.

8. I dreamed a terrible dream last night.

9. The old man works in a hospital.

10. I’ll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart.

二．根据要求转换句子

1. The old man is telling stories ___________ the children in the Long March. (加介词)

2. Please show your picture  ___________ me. (加介词)

3. My mother will buy a good watch ___________ you. (加介词)

4. I am making a new dress ___________ my sister. (加介词)

5. My sister likes meat very much. (变为否定句)

6. There are some bananas on the table. (变为一般疑问句)

7. There is a bottle and a glass under the chair. (变为否定句)

8. She can speak a little Chinese now. (就划线部分提问)

KEYS:

一. 1. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)          

      2. S V P (主+系+表)                 

      3. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)

      4. S V O (主+谓+宾)         

      5. S V O OC (主+谓+宾+宾补)        

      6. S V P (主+系+表)

      7. There be（存在句结构）   

      8. S V O Ad (主+谓+宾+状语)        

      9. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)

     10. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)

二. 1. to     2. to     3. for     4. for    

      5. My sister doesn’t like meat very much     

      6. Are there any bananas on the table？   

      7. There isn’t a bottle and a glass under the chair.     

      8. What can she speak now？

句子成分和基本句型最先出现在Clarissa Study。

定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，它通常用于句子中作定语。它能够更加详细地描述或限制名词或代词的范围，使得句子的表达更加准确。

以下是一些例句：

The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
The man who is talking to John is my boss.
The restaurant where we had dinner last night was really expensive.

在这些例句中，定语从句修饰了名词“book”、“man”和“restaurant”，被定语从句修饰的名词叫“先行词”，我们需要通过分析先行词来确定关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词 which, who, that, whom, whose

关系代词是连接定语从句和主句的关键词，它们有三个，分别是：that、who、which、whom（作宾语）,whose（作定语，”……的“）。在选择关系代词时需要注意以下几点：

关系代词有三个，分别是that、who和which。它们在定语从句中的使用如下：

that: 可用于修饰人或物，用于限制性定语从句中，可用于主语或宾语位置。

The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (修饰物，限制性定语从句，作主语)
The man (that) I met yesterday is my boss. (修饰人，限制性定语从句，作宾语)

who/whom: 用于修饰人，可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中，常用于主语或宾语位置。

The woman who is singing is my sister. (修饰人，限制性定语从句，作主语)

The boy (who/whom) you are talking about is my classmate.（修饰人，限制性定语从句，作宾语）
My friend, who is a doctor, recommended this hospital. (修饰人，非限制性定语从句，作主语)

which: 用于修饰物，可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中，常用于主语或宾语位置。

The car (which) I bought last year is very reliable. (修饰物，限制性定语从句，作主语)
The new building, which is still under construction, will be finished next year. (修饰物，非限制性定语从句，作主语)

“Whose”可以用于引导定语从句，用来修饰一个名词或代词，并说明这个名词或代词所属的人或物。

The man whose car was stolen reported the theft to the police. (那个车被盗的男人向警方报案了。)
The boy whose mother is a doctor is very intelligent. (那个母亲是医生的男孩非常聪明。)
I met a woman yesterday whose husband is a famous musician. (昨天我遇到了一位丈夫是著名音乐家的女士。)
The company whose products we sell is based in Germany. (我们销售的那家公司的产品是德国制造的。)
Do you know the girl whose brother is a movie star? (你认识那个哥哥是电影明星的女孩吗？)

需要注意的是，”whose”后面跟的是名词或代词，而不是动词，因此它所引导的定语从句中，谓语动词的形式要与先行词的数保持一致。同时，”whose”可以用于人和物，表示所属关系，是一个非常有用的关系代词。

注意：

1、在非限制性定语从句（有逗号隔开）中只能用who或which，不能用that。

2、关系代词在从句中作宾语时，可省略。

3、先行词是人，用who/that，先行词是物，用which/that。

4、无论先行词是人还是物，都可以用whose，表示”….的”。

关系副词 where, when, why

关系副词也是连接定语从句和主句的关键词，它们有三个，分别是：where，when和why，where用于修饰地点；when用于修饰时间；why用于修饰原因，可转换为“介词＋which”。when, where可根据先行词、从句的谓语及句意来决定适当的介词，但是关系副词why只可转换为“for＋which”。

I am looking forward to the day when(＝on which)my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 我正期盼着那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。

We found the wooden house where(＝in which)the old man lives. 我们找到了老人住的木屋。

The park where we had a picnic last weekend was very beautiful. (上个周末我们野餐的公园非常漂亮。)

Do you remember the time when we first met? (你还记得我们第一次见面的时间吗？)

The year when we graduated from college was a very important year for us. (我们大学毕业的那一年对我们来说非常重要。)

抽象地点，用where

表示抽象地点的名词(case, situation, condition, atmosphere, activity, job, career, point等)作先行词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。

They are now in a situation where they need to make a practical plan. 他们现在处于一种需要制订一个切实可行的计划的处境。

The manager is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work. 经理正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，员工喜欢他们的工作。

Students should take part in community activities where they can gain experience. 学生应该参与社区活动，他们能从活动中获取经验。

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

Fill in the blanks with "which, who, whom, that, whose, when, where, why".
The house _______ is located on the top of the hill belongs to my uncle.
The boy _______ father is a doctor won the first prize in the math competition.
The book _______ I read last month was very interesting.
The day _______ we spent in the park was unforgettable.
The woman, _______ I met on the plane, is a famous actress.
The computer _______ you bought last week is very expensive.
The city _______ he was born is known for its delicious food.
The restaurant _______ we had dinner last night is very famous.
The time _______ I spent with my family during the holiday was precious.
The beach _______ we went last summer was beautiful.

KEYS：

that
whose
that/which
when
whom
that/which
where
where
that/which
that/which

定语从句 1 – 关系代词与关系副词最先出现在Clarissa Study。

感叹句是一种表示惊奇、惊讶、喜悦、悲伤、愤怒等情感的句子，通常以感叹词或者what, how等引导。

感叹句的分类

感叹句的语气强烈，通常以感叹词或者what, how等引导，后面跟着主语和谓语，或者是一个短语或从句。例如：
What a beautiful day!
How amazing the view is!
I can’t believe it!

感叹句的用法

表示惊奇或者惊讶，例如：
How could you do that?
What a surprise!

表示喜悦或者赞叹，例如：
What a wonderful performance!
How talented she is!

表示悲伤或者痛苦，例如：
How terrible the news is!
What a tragedy!

表示愤怒或者厌恶，例如：
What a jerk he is!
How dare you speak to me like that!

注意事项

感叹句通常以感叹词或者what, how等引导，但不是每个感叹句都必须以感叹词开头。

感叹句通常用于口语交流和文学作品中，正式的写作和学术论文中不太适用。

感叹句的语气强烈，应注意场合和语气的适当使用。

以下是几个例句，展示了感叹句的不同用法：
What a beautiful painting! （表示赞叹）
How can you be so careless? （表示质问）
I can’t believe he did that! （表示惊奇）
What a mess you’ve made! （表示愤怒）
How sad it is to see them leave! （表示悲伤）

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

_____ gorgeous sunrise!
_____ a cute puppy you have!
_____ delicious this cake tastes!
_____ incredible that movie was!
_____ lucky we are to have such great friends!

_____ silly mistake I made!
_____ stunning view from this mountain!
_____ amazing it is to see the stars at night!
_____ interesting that book was!
_____ awesome job you did on that project!

答案：

What
What
How
How
How

What
What
How
How
What

感叹句-Exclamatory Sentence最先出现在Clarissa Study。

结果状语从句是用来表示某个动作或状态所产生的结果或后果，通常由“so that”、“such that”、“that”等引导。这种从句可以出现在主句之前或之后，起到进一步说明主句内容的作用。

基本用法

表示目的和结果：
例如：I studied hard so that I could pass the exam.（我努力学习，以便能够通过考试。）
The teacher explained the grammar rules again so that everyone would understand.（老师再次解释了语法规则，以便每个人都能理解。）
He worked so hard that he finished the project ahead of schedule.（他工作得非常努力，以至于提前完成了项目。）
She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear her.（她大声说话，以便每个人都能听到她。）

表示因果关系：
例如：He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（他太累了，以至于立刻就睡着了。）
The weather was so bad that we had to cancel the picnic.（天气太糟糕了，我们不得不取消野餐。）

表示程度：
例如：The music was so loud that I couldn’t hear myself think.（音乐太响了，我都听不清自己的思考声
音。）
She was so happy that she couldn’t stop smiling.（她太开心了，无法停止微笑。）

注意事项

1、确定主从句的逻辑关系
结果状语从句表达的是主句中某个动作或状态所导致的结果，因此需要明确主句和从句之间的逻辑关系。例如：She studied hard, so she passed the exam.（她努力学习，所以她通过了考试。）
I woke up late, so I missed the bus.（我起床晚了，所以我错过了公交车。）

2、使用适当的引导词
结果状语从句通常由 so/such…that, so that, such that, that 等引导词引导，需要根据句子的语境和需要选择适当的引导词。例如：
She was so tired that she fell asleep on the couch.（她太累了，结果在沙发上睡着了。）
He is saving money so that he can buy a new car.（他在存钱，以便买一辆新车。）
It was such a small room that it made me feel uncomfortable.（这个房间很小，让我感到不舒服。）

3、结果状语从句中通常要使用倒装语序，即将助动词或情态动词提到主语前面，或将主语和谓语动词的位置交换。例如：
So tired was she that she fell asleep on the couch.（她太累了，结果在沙发上睡着了。）
So happy were they that they jumped for joy.（他们太高兴了，结果跳起来欢呼。）

4、注意时态和语态
结果状语从句的时态和语态需要与主句保持一致。例如：
He has been studying hard, so he is getting better grades.（他一直在努力学习，所以成绩越来越好。）
The project was completed on time, so it was highly praised.（项目按时完成，因此受到了高度赞扬。）

5、避免重复使用 so/such
如果主句中已经使用了 so/such，为避免重复，可以使用 that 引导结果状语从句。例如：
She was so tired that she fell asleep on the couch.（她太累了，结果在沙发上睡着了。）
It was such a small room that it made me feel uncomfortable.（这个房间很小，让我感到不舒服。）
The film was so boring that I fell asleep.（这部电影太无聊了，结果我睡着了。）

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

选词填空

1.She studied hard for her exams, (so, because, although, while) she wanted to get good grades.

2.The team worked really well together, (since, therefore, if, until) they were able to finish the project ahead of schedule.

3.He didn't take his umbrella with him, (even though, as soon as, in order to, otherwise) he knew it was going to rain heavily.

4.She's been practicing every day, (so that, despite, when, whereas) she can improve her piano skills.

5.The company invested heavily in marketing, (because, although, in case, when) they saw a significant increase in sales.

6.I went to bed late last night, (consequently, until, whether, since) I was feeling really tired the next morning.

7.The traffic was really bad, (so that, but, although, until) I arrived late for my appointment.

8.She's very allergic to cats, (so, until, despite, in case) she can't be around them for very long.

9.He saved up for months, (as long as, otherwise, so that, despite) he could afford to take a long vacation.

10.The restaurant had great reviews, (although, hence, while, until) it was really expensive.

答案：

because
therefore
even though
so that
because

consequently
so
so
so that
although

结果状语从句-Adverbial Clause of Result最先出现在Clarissa Study。