过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加 – ed 构成；不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。 过去分词一般在句子中可以用作定语、宾语补足语（作定语和宾补请看上一章）、表语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。

作表语

过去分词作表语时, 与谓语动词构成系表结构, 表示主语的性质、特征或状态。

其前的系动词可以是表状态的：be，keep, stay, remain等；表示“变成”的：become, get, go等以及表示“感官”的：  look, sound, feel等。

1、表“情感类”的过去分词done作表语，已具有形容词词性，表示“人感到……”。注意：这类词的现在分词doing表示“令人……”。

Everyone present is very inspired at his speech．听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。

You looked frightened. 你看起来很害怕。

He became interested in two theories.他对两种理论产生了兴趣。

The book is interesting and I’m interested in it.这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。

2、有些过去分词作表语，含“被动”之意，但强调主语所处的状态。

注意：过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或所处的状态；而被动语态中，强调主语是动作的承受者。

This shop is now closed．商店关门了。

The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。

Mary is dressed in red. 玛丽穿着红色的衣服。

The cup is broken. 杯子碎了。（强调状态）

The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是被汤姆打碎的。（强调动作）

作状语

分词可作时间，条件，原因，让步，结果，方式，伴随等状语，相当于一个状语从句。分词作状语时，用来修饰一个句子，分词的逻辑主语必须和该句子的主语保持一致。过去分词作状语时，和该句子的主语构成被动关系。

1、作时间状语

Opened in 1955(= When Disneyland was opened in 1955), Disneyland in California is regarded as the original fun park. 在1955年被开放，加利福尼亚迪斯尼乐园被认为是非常有趣的原始的游乐场。

2、作条件状语

Given more time (=If we are given more time), we will do it better. 如果多给些时间，我们会做得更好。

3、作原因状语

Bitten twice by our dog(=Because the postman had been bitten twice by our dog), the postman refused to deliver our letters. 由于被我家的狗咬过两次,那个邮递员拒绝给我们送信。

4、作让步状语

Told many times(= Although he was told many times), he still couldn’t understand it.  虽然被告诉了好几遍，但她仍然不理解。

5、作方式或伴随状语

The teacher came in,  followed (= and was followed) by his students. 老师进来了，后面跟着他的学生。

注意事项

注意一：和现在分词作状语的区别

现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语构成被动关系。

Seeing his mother, the baby stopped crying.一看见妈妈，婴儿停止哭泣。(句子的主语the baby 和see 构成主动关系)

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is more beautiful. 从山顶看，城市更美丽。(句子的主语the city 和see构成被动关系)

注意二：“连词+doing/ done”句型

有些分词作状语，可在分词前加连词when，while，whenever，if, though/ although, once, until/ till, unless, as, even if/ though, as if/ though等。即：

①连词+doing（表主动，进行）

②连词+done（表被动，完成）

While waiting for a bus(=while he was waiting for a bus), he met an old friend. 他在等车时，遇到了一位老朋友。

He will not attend the party unless invited (=unless he is invited).除非被邀请他才去参加聚会。

All is going well as planned/scheduled. (=as it is planned/scheduled). 一切都按原计划进展顺利。

转化成形容词的分词

1、一些表示情感类的现在分词doing（令人……），过去分词done（人感到……）

 此类常见词汇：amaze（惊奇）, amuse（高兴、开心）, astonish（惊异、吃惊）, annoy（厌烦）, bore（烦恼）, confuse（迷惑）, depress（抑郁）, disappoint（失望）, delight（快乐）,  encourage（鼓舞）, embarrass（尴尬、难为情）, excite（激动）, frighten（害怕）,interest（感兴趣）, impress（印象深刻）, move（感动）, please（高兴）,puzzle（迷惑）,relax（放松）, satisfy（满意）, surprise（惊讶）, shock（震惊）,tire（疲劳、厌烦）, terrify（可怕）, touch（打动）, thrill（兴奋）, worry（担心） 等。

（注意：修饰人的声音，表情等，用-ed形式：his excited voice/look/expression他兴奋的声音/表情）

It was a tiring day. It made me tired.真是累人的一天。它使我感到很累。

The explanation was confusing. I got confused. 这个讲解是令人费解的，我被弄糊涂了。
Though surprised to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.虽然看到我们感到很吃惊，教授热烈欢迎我们。

Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.实在累坏了，我溜上床很快就睡着了。

2、“系表结构”中的过去分词done已具有形容词的词性，可直接作状语，定语，表语，补足语等。

 此类常见词汇：addicted（上瘾的），  absorbed（专心于……的），accustomed（习惯的），born（出生的） , based on（以……为基础）， broken（破碎的）， connected（有关连的）, dressed（穿着），devoted（忠实的；献身于……的）, determined（决心的）， exposed（暴露的），equipped/furnished（装备好的），faced with（面对） ，  hidden（藏着的），  injured（受伤），  lost（陷入、丢失、迷路的），  located（坐落于……的，位于……的）, occupied（已占用的、忙于…的），prepared for（准备的），related to （有关系的） ，  seated（坐着的）， worn out（用旧的，精疲力尽的）等。

Dressed in red, Mary looks more beautiful.（作状语）

The girl dressed in red is Mary.（作定语）

Mary is dressed in red. （作表语）

I found Mary dressed in red . （作宾补）

Please remain seated; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. 请在座位上坐着；很快就会宣布获奖者。（作表语）

Seated/ Sitting at the back of the classroom, he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly. 由于坐在教室后面，他看不清黑板上的字。（作状语）

When I came in, I found a strange girl seated/sitting in the corner.我进来时，发现一个陌生女孩坐在角落里。（作宾补）

Faced with a difficult situation, he decided to ask his boss for advice. 面对困难的局势，他决定征求老板的建议。（作状语）

Mindmap解析-过去分词done-作表语和状语

习题-Exercises

Fill in the blank with the right form of the words provided.

1. __________（paint） in dark colours, the room needed some bright lights.

2. ___________（unemploy）, Dave had time to consider what job he really wanted.

3. ___________（move） by his romantic words, the girl accepted his gift.

4. __________（correct） by his teacher from time to time, he lost interest in singing.

5. _________（record） in a new way, the album was expected to be popular with techno fans.

6. __________（invite） to perform on the stage, he felt nervous and excited.

7.The_________look on her face suggested that she was ________ by the ________ scene.（frighten）

8.The news was________ and they were all ________ at it.（excite）

9. We all felt __________ at the __________news. （encourage）

10.The audience were all ________ to tears by the ________film.（move）

11.Children, when ________（accompany） by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.

12.While waiting for the opportunity to get _________（promote）,Henry did his best to perform his duty.

13.Why do you always look ________（tire）?

14.I was ________（disappoint） at the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better.

15.Just now I saw him sitting under the tree, ________（absorb） in his video games.

16._______（lose） in thought, he didn’t hear the bell.

17. Highly _______（interest） in music, Henry began to write original compositions when he was in high school.

18._______（please） with his music and songs, they finally invited him to perform in the Silver Hall.

19.Though _______（affect） by gradual blindness soon after the performance, Henry was still capable of writing compositions and he found that creating music was a relief and cure for his illness.

20.______（absorb） in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.

KEYS：

1. Painted  2.Unemployed  3.Moved  4.Corrected  5.Recorded

6.Invited 7. frightened ;frightened; frightening  8. exciting; excited  9.encouraged ; encouraging  10.moved; moving 

11.accompanied  12.promoted  13.tired   14.disappointed  15.absorbed 

16.Lost  17. interested  18. Pleased 19. affected 20. Absorbed

非谓语-过去分词done-作表语和状语最先出现在Clarissa Study。

过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成；不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。 过去分词一般在句子中可以用作定语、宾语补足语、表语和状语（作表语和状语请看下一章），但不能单独作谓语。

作定语

过去分词作定语，用来修饰名词。

（一）过去分词作定语的位置

1、一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。注意：有时为了表示强调，也可放在被修饰词之后。
tired visitors 疲惫的游客
a well-organised trip 组织有序的旅行
beautifully dressed stars 衣着华丽的明星
The disease was caused by polluted water. 这种疾病是由污染了的水造成的。
We finished the run in less than half the time allowed. 我们用了不到规定时间的一半就跑完了。
He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。

2、过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后。
visitors tired of the long wait厌倦了漫长等待的游客
a trip organised well by my workplace我的工厂安排得很好的旅行
stars dressed beautifully at the event在活动中打扮得很漂亮的明星
The river polluted by daily waste is now dirty and smelly. 被日常废物污染的河水现在脏且难闻。

（二）过去分词作定语的时态和语态

1、及物动词的过去分词作定语通常表示被动和完成。被修饰词是其逻辑主语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成。另外，过去分词作定语时，相当于定语从句。 过去分词（短语）作非限定性定语，相当于非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
I don’t like the book written by Martin (=which was written by Martin). 我不喜欢马丁写的这本书。
It is a house built by the Romans（= which was built by the Romans）. 这是罗马人建的房子。
The problem, discussed yesterday (=which was discussed yesterday）, has been solved. 昨天讨论的问题被解决了。
They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack （=which is known as the Union Jack）. 他们使用同一面国旗，被称为“英国国旗”。

2、不及物动词的过去分词作定语仅表示完成，不表示被动，试对比与现在分词doing表进行的区别。
fallen leaves落下的叶子   & falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
boiled water 煮开过了的水 & boiling water 沸腾中的水
developed countries  发达国家 & developing countries  发展中国家

注意：过去分词和现在分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语，和被修饰词构成主动关系，且该动作正在进行，即表“主动、进行”；
过去分词作定语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成，即表“被动、完成”。

作宾语补足语：表被动

“及物动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构中，过去分词done作宾语补足语，对宾语进行修饰与补充，表示与宾语构成被动关系。

1、用于feel, find, hear, notice, see, smell, observe, watch, think等表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。
When he woke up in the hospital, he found himself surrounded by doctors and nurses.  当他在医院醒来时，他发现自己被医生和护士包围着。

2、用于get, have, make, keep, leave等使役动词后作宾语补足语。
The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself heard. 演讲者提高嗓音但还是不能让听众听到他的声音。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天拔了牙。
They had castles built all around England. 他们在英格兰各地建造了城堡。

3、用于wish, want, would like, expect, order等表示“意欲”“命令”的动词后面作宾语补足语。
The boss ordered the plan carried out as soon as possible. 老板命令计划尽可能块地被执行。
The father wants his daughter taught Japanese. 这位父亲想让女儿学日语。

4、用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语。
With the work finished, he went out for a walk.工作完成了，他到外面散步去了。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.  凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。

注意：过去分词doing和现在分词done作宾语补足语的区别

过去分词done作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成被动关系；现在分词doing作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成主动关系。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by. 当我从旁经过时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。
I often heard the English song sung by young people at the party. 我经常听到这首英文歌被年轻人在聚会时唱起。
It was cold, and she had the fire burning day and night. 天很冷，她让炉火日夜烧着。
I had my car repaired last week. 我上周找人修理了汽车。

Mindmap 解析-过去分词done-作定语和宾语补足语

习题-Exercises

FIll in the blanks with the right form of the words provided.

1.The mountain village________（surround）by beautiful natural landscape looks amazing.

2.The family’s ancestors once attended to ________（wound）soldiers in the First World War.

3.The young people ________（attract）by the legend of Loch Ness watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars ________（position）on the hill.

4.Judy and I had our car ________（park）in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery ________（charge）.

5.When we finally reached the service desk to ask for audio guides, we heard it________（announce）that there were no audio guides left.

6.Judy had her eyes ________（fix）on Van Gogh’s Sunflowers. It was hard to approach the painting as there were so many people around.

7.She had a copy of the painting________（box）to ensure that it was delivered safely.

8. The scientist attended the meeting ______ (hold) in the Great Hall of the People.

9. Linjiang Bridge _____ (build) in a shape of fish in Wuhu, Anhui Province was put into use in 2008.

10.With all the tasks _____ (finish) ahead of time, he decided to set out on his travel.

11. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself_________  (remind ) of his own dreams.

12. Claire had her luggage________ (check) an hour before her plane left.

13.  Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ____ (improve) in a short period.

14. Listen! Do you hear someone ______ (call) for help?

15. So far, about 40 houses have fallen down under the weight of the snow, with 22 people_______（injure）.

KEYS：

1. surrounded 2. wounded 3. attracted； positioned 4. parked ； charged 5. announced

6. fixed 7. boxed 8.held 9.built  10.finished

11.reminded 12.checked 13. improved   14. calling 15. injured

非谓语-过去分词done-作定语和宾语补足语最先出现在Clarissa Study。

在英语句子的简单句中，我们可以遵循“主语+谓语+非谓语”去分析，一个简单句只有一个谓语，后面再出现动词就是非谓语。谓语考察“时态和语态”，非谓语考察“动词形式”，不定式to do(包括省略to的不定式)、动名词doing、现在分词doing和过去分词done，因为动名词和现在分词形式一样，因此可归纳为，只考察“to do/do/doing/done” 4个结构。

非谓语详解

不定式to do的用法：表目的、表将来。表示将要发生或计划要发生的动作，也可以作为目的状语、结果状语和表语等。例如：

I want to study abroad next year.（我明年想要出国留学。）
She went to the supermarket to buy some groceries.（她去了超市买了些食品杂货。）
His dream is to become a successful businessman.（他的梦想是成为一个成功的商人。）

动名词doing的用法：具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语，但是不能充当状语。例如：

I enjoy swimming in the sea.（我喜欢在海里游泳。）
Reading books is good for your mental health.（读书对心理健康有好处。）
She apologized for arriving late.（她为迟到道歉。）

现在分词doing：表主动、表进行。现在分词表示正在进行的动作或状态，它通常被用作一个形容词，可以在句子中作定语、表语等。现在分词表示的是一个正在进行的动作或状态，相当于中文中的“正在进行的”。它们可以作为形容词、状语、介词短语的补语等。例如：

The girl crying in the corner is my sister.（在角落哭泣的那个女孩是我妹妹。）

过去分词done：表被动、已完成。表示完成的动作或状态，它们也可以作为形容词、状语、介词短语的补语等。例如：
The book written by Hemingway is a classic.（海明威写的书是经典之作。）

中学常考-非谓语mind map梳理

to do/ doing 易错短语辨析

习题-Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.

    I prefer _____________ (do) my own laundry instead of taking it to the laundromat.
    答案：doing

    She promised _____________ (finish) her homework before going out with friends.
    答案：to finish

    The children enjoy _____________ (play) in the park after school.
    答案：playing

    He was asked _____________ (give) a speech at the conference next month.
    答案：to give

    Have you ever tried _____________ (ski) before?
    答案：skiing

    She regrets _____________ (not study) harder for the exam.
    答案：not studying

    After _____________ (work) all day, I just want to relax and watch TV.
    答案：working

    He admitted _____________ (cheat) on the test and was given a failing grade.
    答案：cheating

    She needs _____________ (buy) some groceries on her way home from work.
    答案：to buy

    The students are excited about _____________ (finish) the school year and starting summer vacation.
    答案：finishing

非谓语梳理最先出现在Clarissa Study。

Definition & Examples

The present perfect tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues until the present or has just finished. It is formed using the auxiliary verb “has/have” + the past participle of the main verb”done”.

Example sentences:

I have been living in this city for 5 years.
She has just finished reading the book.
They have been working on this project for months.

It is also used to describe a past experience or event with a connection to the present.

Example sentences:

I have visited Paris twice.
He has seen that movie three times.
We have been friends since childhood.

Here are some key words that are often associated with the present perfect tense:

already
yet
just
since
for
lately
recently
up to now
till now

Note that these words are not necessary to form the present perfect tense, but they can help you identify it in a sentence and also understand the time frame being referred to.

现在完成时-中文解析

Here are some exercises on the present perfect tense

Exercise 1:

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in present perfect tense:

I __________ (write) five letters this morning.
She __________ (live) in New York for 5 years.
We __________ (visit) the museum last week.
They __________ (study) for the exam since yesterday.
He __________ (read) two books this month.

Answers:

have written
has lived
have visited
have been studying
has read

Exercise 2:

Convert the following sentences from simple past to present perfect tense:

I went to the park yesterday.
She saw a movie last night.
They finished the project last week.
He visited his grandparents last month.
We had a picnic last Saturday.

Answers:

I have gone to the park yesterday.
She has seen a movie last night.
They have finished the project last week.
He has visited his grandparents last month.
We have had a picnic last Saturday.

Tense-现在完成时 The Present Perfect Tense(CN/EN)最先出现在Clarissa Study。