现在分词一般表示主动的和进行的动作。 规则动词的现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。现在分词一般在句子中可作的成分与过去分词done一样，可作定语、宾语补足语（作定语和宾补请看上一章）、表语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。

作表语

（一）现在分词作表语时, 与谓语动词构成系表结构, 表示主语的性质、特征或状态。

其前的系动词可以是表状态的：be，keep, stay, remain等；表示“变成”的：become, get, go等以及表示“感官”的：  look, sound, feel等。

1、表“情感类”的现在分词doing表示“令人……”，已具有形容词词性。注意：这类词的过去分词done作表语，表示“人感到……”。

用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing，amusing，confusing，disappointing，boring，encouraging，inspiring，moving，tiring，interesting，surprising等。

(1)作表语时，系动词除be外还有appear，sound，look，become，come，get，go，grow，keep，remain，seem等。

(2)动词－ing形式作表语用时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状态；而进行时态中的动词－ing形式是谓语动词的组成部分，表示具体的动作，两者不可混淆。

The present situation is encouraging.(表语)目前的形势是令人鼓舞的。

The present situation is encouraging us to stride forward in production.(现在进行时)目前的形势正在鼓舞我们在生产上迈步前进。

The problem is quite pressing.(表语)问题很紧迫。

She is pressing the button.(现在进行时)她正在按电钮。

（二）v．­ing形式作表语可分为两种情况：现在分词和动名词。现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。

• My job is interesting.我的工作很有趣。
• My job is teaching.我的工作是教书。

现在分词和动名词作表语时的区别：第一句中的interesting为现在分词，它表示“工作”的特征；第二句中的teaching为动名词，它是对“工作”内容的进一步说明。正因为如此，动名词作表语时可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置。

误：Interesting is my job.

正：Teaching is my job.

作状语

现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随、评论性状语、独立主格结构等，相当于状语从句。

1、作时间状语，位于句子前半部分，可与when, while引导的时间状语从句相互转换;有时分词前加when或while以示强调。

When(when可省略) comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences. = When we are comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences. 在比较不同的文化时，我们往往只注意差异。

2、作原因状语，表示原因，位于句子前半部分，可与as, since, because引导的原因状语从句相互转换。

Being ill, she didn’t go to school as usual today.=Because she was ill, she didn’t go to school as usual today. 因为生病，她今天没像往常一样去上学。

Not coming on time, he was punished.＝ Because he didn’t come on time，he was punished.(原因)
因为没有按时来，他受到了惩罚。

3、作条件状语，位于句子前半部分，可与if, unless等引导的条件状语从句相互转换。

Turning right, you will find the circus you want.=If you turn right, you will find the circus you want.

向右转，你会找到你想找的马戏团。

4、作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，有时现在分词(短语)前可带有连词although, even if, even though等。

Though knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Though they know all this, they made me pay for the damage. .尽管知道了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。

5、结果状语，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加thus,相当于so或so that引导的结果状语从句。

The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children. 那位母亲去世了，给她的孩子们留下了一大笔钱。

Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines. 1500万棵树被大风刮倒，堵塞了道路和铁路线。

6、方式或伴随状语，谓语动词表示动作发生的方式、背景或情况。此时分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。现在分词或分词短语作伴随状语时可以转换成并列成分。

He sat at the table reading China Daily. = He sat at the table and read China Daily他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。

7、评论性状语，有些现在分词(短语)没有逻辑主语而独立存在，往往位于句首用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。

如：Judging from/by 由….判断         

Considering..考虑到…..   

Supposing/providing/assuming..如果/假设…..

Generally/ strictly /honestly/roughly/frankly speaking   一般/严格/诚实/大致/坦率说来

Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.就对方的实力而论，我们能进两个球就很不错了。

Generally speaking, the parks are full on holidays. 一般来说，假日里公园都挤满人。

8、独立主格结构

有时现在分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，有时还可以表示时间、原因、条件或解释整个句子。

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands. 她坐在桌子后面，双手托着下巴。

Not doing结构

现在分词的否定结构：现在分词的否定式由“not＋现在分词”构成。

Not knowing where to go，she went to the police for help. 不知道要去哪儿，她向警察寻求帮助。

Not being seen by anyone，the thief escaped. 趁着没被任何人看见，小偷逃跑了。

Not having done it right，I tried again. 第一次没做对，我又尝试了一次。

现在分词的时态

(1)一般式：现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

She sat there，reading a novel. 她坐在那里看小说。

A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的小孩常常跌倒。

(2)现在分词的完成式：所表示的动作通常在谓语动词的动作之前发生。

Having finished her homework，the little girl began to watch TV.做完作业后，这个小女孩开始看电视。

Having lived in Beijing for many years，Carter knew the city well.因为在北京住了多年，卡特对这个城市很熟悉。

现在分词的被动式

现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语与现在分词动作是被动关系。

(1)现在分词的一般被动式：being done 正在被…….

The building being built is our library. 正在建的那栋楼是我们的图书馆。

Being repaired，the swimming pool won’t open until next month.由于正在被修理，直到下个月游泳池才会开放。

(2)现在分词的完成被动式：Having been done 被…之后，……

Having been warned by the teacher，the students didn’t make such mistakes.被老师警告之后，学生们不再犯这样的错误了。

Having been told many times，he still did not know how to do it.被教授好多次了，他还是不知道怎么做。

Mindmap解析-现在分词doing-作表语和状语

习题-Exercises

一、按动词的适当形式填空。

1. These lanterns hanging along the street are ____________ (amaze)．

2. The news is so  ____________ (excite) that all the students jumped with joy.

3. The workers’ task is ____________ (collect) information from all the material.

4. Her job is ____________ (keep) the lecture hall as clean as possible.

5. Hearing the ____________ (interest) story，everyone became happier from then on.

6. His teacher ,Thomas Whaley ,is nest to him ,  ____________ (whisper) support.

7. The researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times ____________ (use) the smart keyboard.

8. As I approached mile 23 ,I could see my wife ____________ (wave) a sign.

9. In the 1960s ,while ___________ (study) the volcanic history of Yellow tone National Park ,Bob Christiansen bacame puzzled about something.

10. They will come rushing in , ____________ (say) their handbag`s been stolen.

11. We all grew up  ____________ (hear) people tell us to “go out and some fresh air”.

12. The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing , ______________ (change) the face of Kilimanjaro.

13. _______________ (understand) her good intentions ,I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation

14. She sat at the desk ____________ (do) her homework.

15. Newly­built wooden cottages line the street ______________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.

KEYS：1-5 amazing, exciting, collecting, keeping, interesting,

6-10 whispering, using, waving, studying, saying,

11-15 hearing, changing, Understanding, doing, turning

二、完成句子

1．因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。

__________________________________________，he asked the teacher about it.

2．中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。

More highways have been built in China，__________________________________________for people to travel from one place to another.

3．有人看见嫌疑犯进入了这座大楼。

The suspect __________________________________________the building.

4．他让灯着了一整晚，这使他父母很生气。

He__________________________________________all night，which made his parents very angry.

5．我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。

I__________________________________________to your dad like that.

KEYS：

1．Not understanding this problem，he asked the teacher about it.

2．More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.

3．The suspect was seen entering the building.

4．He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry.

5．I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.

非谓语-现在分词doing-作表语和状语最先出现在Clarissa Study。

现在分词一般表示主动的和进行的动作。 规则动词的现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。现在分词一般在句子中可作的成分与过去分词done一样，可作定语、宾语补足语、表语和状语（作表语和状语请看下一章），但不能单独作谓语。

作定语

现在分词作定语，用来修饰名词。

（一）现在分词作定语的位置

1、单个现在分词作定语，即放在被修饰词之前，表示被修饰者的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。

a puzzling problem＝a problem that puzzles somebody  一个困扰人的问题

a surprising result＝a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果

developing countries＝countries that are developing发展中国家

2、现在分词短语作定语时，放在所修饰的名词之后，并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。

They lived in a room facing the street.＝They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。

The man standing there is Peter’s father.＝The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。

3、v.­ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。

The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.＝The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. 那棵苹果树硕果累累，在微风中轻轻摇曳。

His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.＝His brother, who is working as a teacher，lives in Beijing. 他的哥哥住在北京，是个老师。

（二）注意事项

1、作定语的v.­ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。

[误]The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.

[正]The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们做一个讲座。

2、动词­ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。

[误]The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.

[正]The temple(which has been)destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。

作宾补

现在分词作宾补，表示宾语与作宾补的动词之间是主动关系。

（一）动词的宾语补足语：“及物动词＋宾语＋宾补”，表主动，表进行。

（1）位于感官动词后：如catch(当场发现)，see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, listen to,look at, notice, observe等。

*She felt anger arising in her heart.她感到心中涌起股怒气。

*He observed a stranger hanging around the store. 他看到一个陌生人在商店附近闲逛。

（2）位于使役动词后：如set, keep, have, get, leave 等。

*His question has set me thinking. 他的问题使我深思。

*She kept me waiting for over twenty minutes. 她让我等了20多分钟。

注意：现在分词doing作宾补，表示动作正在进行，动词原形do作宾补，则表示动作的全过程。试比较:

*I saw him getting out of the car. 我看见他正下车。

*I saw him get out of the car. 我看见他下车了。

Mindmap解析-现在分词doing-作定语和宾语补足语

习题-Exercises

1. No one has come up with a ____________(convince) explanation of why this kind of animal is dying out

2. Yesterday，our manager，____________ (represent) our company，made a speech at the meeting.

3．The men ____________ (work) extra hours got an extra pay.

4．The room is empty except for a bookshelf  ____________ (stand) in one corner.

5．With the little girl ____________ (grow) up，there was no one in the land happier than she was.

6. I can’t imagine Billy  ____________ (ride) a motorbike.

7. Did you hear the dog downstairs ____________ (bark) for most of the night?

8. When I came out of the theatre，I noticed a group of children ____________ (play) musical instruments across the street.

9. She sat at the desk ____________ (do) her homework.

10. We shouldn’t keep our lights ____________ (burn) in the day.

KEYS：1-5 convincing representing, working, standing, growing,
6-10 riding, barking, playing, doing, burning

非谓语-现在分词doing-作定语和宾语补足语最先出现在Clarissa Study。

to do表目的/Do开头祈使句/Doing放句首作主语的三种情况：

1、动词原形开头的祈使句：动词原形直接作祈使句的谓语，表示命令、请求、建议等。例句：Watch your step!

Do被用来加强陈述语气，表示一种强烈的感情或请求。 在这种情况下，Do后跟着一个动词的原形。 例句：Do tell me more about your trip.（一定要告诉我更多关于你旅行的事情。）

2、表示目的：to + 动词原形用于表示为达到某一目的所做的事情，可翻译成“为了”。

例句：To make pancakes, you will need flour, eggs, and milk.（要做煎饼，你需要面粉、鸡蛋和牛奶。）

另外，To do也可以作主语，但一般较少，需要注意前后一致，例如：To see is to believe.眼见为实。 这句话也可表达为：Seeing is believing.

3、动词ing放句首作主语：用于表示某件事情，作主语，当单数名词。

例句：Doing yoga in the morning helps me stay calm and focused all day.（早上做瑜伽可以帮我整天保持冷静和专注。）

做题方法

总结：找谓语，缺谓语，用动词原形do，祈使句。

            不缺谓语，一般有逗号隔开，有主有谓，用To do表目的，“为了”；

            不缺谓语，无逗号，有谓无主，用动词ing形式，作主语；

注意：“一连二谓”，判断是否有连词的情况。

解题思路

习题-Exercises

【训练】按括号所给单词形式填空的题目：

cook:

    ________ a good meal, you need fresh ingredients.

    ________ the pasta for 10 minutes in boiling water.

    ________ dinner for my family is something I enjoy doing.

study:

    ________ hard is the key to academic success.

    ________ every day to improve your English skills.

    ________ for exams can be stressful, but it’s necessary.

play:

    ________ the piano well, you need to practice regularly.

    ________ the song one more time, please.

    ________ sports is a great way to stay healthy and active.

write:

    ________ a novel, you need a good plot and interesting characters.

    ________ your name and address on the envelope.

    ________ poetry is a form of self-expression.

sing:

    ________ in a choir can be a wonderful experience.

    ________ your favorite song for us, please.

    ________ in the shower is a common pastime for many people.

dance:

    ________ is a great way to exercise and have fun.

    ________ to the music and let your body move freely.

    ________ in the competition, he practises hard day and night.

read:

    ________ books is a great way to learn new things.

    ________ this article and then answer the questions.

Do, To do, Doing放句首的三种情况最先出现在Clarissa Study。

在英语句子的简单句中，我们可以遵循“主语+谓语+非谓语”去分析，一个简单句只有一个谓语，后面再出现动词就是非谓语。谓语考察“时态和语态”，非谓语考察“动词形式”，不定式to do(包括省略to的不定式)、动名词doing、现在分词doing和过去分词done，因为动名词和现在分词形式一样，因此可归纳为，只考察“to do/do/doing/done” 4个结构。

非谓语详解

不定式to do的用法：表目的、表将来。表示将要发生或计划要发生的动作，也可以作为目的状语、结果状语和表语等。例如：

I want to study abroad next year.（我明年想要出国留学。）
She went to the supermarket to buy some groceries.（她去了超市买了些食品杂货。）
His dream is to become a successful businessman.（他的梦想是成为一个成功的商人。）

动名词doing的用法：具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语，但是不能充当状语。例如：

I enjoy swimming in the sea.（我喜欢在海里游泳。）
Reading books is good for your mental health.（读书对心理健康有好处。）
She apologized for arriving late.（她为迟到道歉。）

现在分词doing：表主动、表进行。现在分词表示正在进行的动作或状态，它通常被用作一个形容词，可以在句子中作定语、表语等。现在分词表示的是一个正在进行的动作或状态，相当于中文中的“正在进行的”。它们可以作为形容词、状语、介词短语的补语等。例如：

The girl crying in the corner is my sister.（在角落哭泣的那个女孩是我妹妹。）

过去分词done：表被动、已完成。表示完成的动作或状态，它们也可以作为形容词、状语、介词短语的补语等。例如：
The book written by Hemingway is a classic.（海明威写的书是经典之作。）

中学常考-非谓语mind map梳理

to do/ doing 易错短语辨析

习题-Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.

    I prefer _____________ (do) my own laundry instead of taking it to the laundromat.
    答案：doing

    She promised _____________ (finish) her homework before going out with friends.
    答案：to finish

    The children enjoy _____________ (play) in the park after school.
    答案：playing

    He was asked _____________ (give) a speech at the conference next month.
    答案：to give

    Have you ever tried _____________ (ski) before?
    答案：skiing

    She regrets _____________ (not study) harder for the exam.
    答案：not studying

    After _____________ (work) all day, I just want to relax and watch TV.
    答案：working

    He admitted _____________ (cheat) on the test and was given a failing grade.
    答案：cheating

    She needs _____________ (buy) some groceries on her way home from work.
    答案：to buy

    The students are excited about _____________ (finish) the school year and starting summer vacation.
    答案：finishing

非谓语梳理最先出现在Clarissa Study。