过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成；不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。 过去分词一般在句子中可以用作定语、宾语补足语、表语和状语（作表语和状语请看下一章），但不能单独作谓语。

作定语

过去分词作定语，用来修饰名词。

（一）过去分词作定语的位置

1、一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。注意：有时为了表示强调，也可放在被修饰词之后。
tired visitors 疲惫的游客
a well-organised trip 组织有序的旅行
beautifully dressed stars 衣着华丽的明星
The disease was caused by polluted water. 这种疾病是由污染了的水造成的。
We finished the run in less than half the time allowed. 我们用了不到规定时间的一半就跑完了。
He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。

2、过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后。
visitors tired of the long wait厌倦了漫长等待的游客
a trip organised well by my workplace我的工厂安排得很好的旅行
stars dressed beautifully at the event在活动中打扮得很漂亮的明星
The river polluted by daily waste is now dirty and smelly. 被日常废物污染的河水现在脏且难闻。

（二）过去分词作定语的时态和语态

1、及物动词的过去分词作定语通常表示被动和完成。被修饰词是其逻辑主语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成。另外，过去分词作定语时，相当于定语从句。 过去分词（短语）作非限定性定语，相当于非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
I don’t like the book written by Martin (=which was written by Martin). 我不喜欢马丁写的这本书。
It is a house built by the Romans（= which was built by the Romans）. 这是罗马人建的房子。
The problem, discussed yesterday (=which was discussed yesterday）, has been solved. 昨天讨论的问题被解决了。
They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack （=which is known as the Union Jack）. 他们使用同一面国旗，被称为“英国国旗”。

2、不及物动词的过去分词作定语仅表示完成，不表示被动，试对比与现在分词doing表进行的区别。
fallen leaves落下的叶子   & falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
boiled water 煮开过了的水 & boiling water 沸腾中的水
developed countries  发达国家 & developing countries  发展中国家

注意：过去分词和现在分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语，和被修饰词构成主动关系，且该动作正在进行，即表“主动、进行”；
过去分词作定语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成，即表“被动、完成”。

作宾语补足语：表被动

“及物动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构中，过去分词done作宾语补足语，对宾语进行修饰与补充，表示与宾语构成被动关系。

1、用于feel, find, hear, notice, see, smell, observe, watch, think等表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。
When he woke up in the hospital, he found himself surrounded by doctors and nurses.  当他在医院醒来时，他发现自己被医生和护士包围着。

2、用于get, have, make, keep, leave等使役动词后作宾语补足语。
The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself heard. 演讲者提高嗓音但还是不能让听众听到他的声音。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天拔了牙。
They had castles built all around England. 他们在英格兰各地建造了城堡。

3、用于wish, want, would like, expect, order等表示“意欲”“命令”的动词后面作宾语补足语。
The boss ordered the plan carried out as soon as possible. 老板命令计划尽可能块地被执行。
The father wants his daughter taught Japanese. 这位父亲想让女儿学日语。

4、用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语。
With the work finished, he went out for a walk.工作完成了，他到外面散步去了。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.  凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。

注意：过去分词doing和现在分词done作宾语补足语的区别

过去分词done作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成被动关系；现在分词doing作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成主动关系。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by. 当我从旁经过时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。
I often heard the English song sung by young people at the party. 我经常听到这首英文歌被年轻人在聚会时唱起。
It was cold, and she had the fire burning day and night. 天很冷，她让炉火日夜烧着。
I had my car repaired last week. 我上周找人修理了汽车。

Mindmap 解析-过去分词done-作定语和宾语补足语

习题-Exercises

FIll in the blanks with the right form of the words provided.

1.The mountain village________（surround）by beautiful natural landscape looks amazing.

2.The family’s ancestors once attended to ________（wound）soldiers in the First World War.

3.The young people ________（attract）by the legend of Loch Ness watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars ________（position）on the hill.

4.Judy and I had our car ________（park）in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery ________（charge）.

5.When we finally reached the service desk to ask for audio guides, we heard it________（announce）that there were no audio guides left.

6.Judy had her eyes ________（fix）on Van Gogh’s Sunflowers. It was hard to approach the painting as there were so many people around.

7.She had a copy of the painting________（box）to ensure that it was delivered safely.

8. The scientist attended the meeting ______ (hold) in the Great Hall of the People.

9. Linjiang Bridge _____ (build) in a shape of fish in Wuhu, Anhui Province was put into use in 2008.

10.With all the tasks _____ (finish) ahead of time, he decided to set out on his travel.

11. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself_________  (remind ) of his own dreams.

12. Claire had her luggage________ (check) an hour before her plane left.

13.  Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ____ (improve) in a short period.

14. Listen! Do you hear someone ______ (call) for help?

15. So far, about 40 houses have fallen down under the weight of the snow, with 22 people_______（injure）.

KEYS：

1. surrounded 2. wounded 3. attracted； positioned 4. parked ； charged 5. announced

6. fixed 7. boxed 8.held 9.built  10.finished

11.reminded 12.checked 13. improved   14. calling 15. injured

非谓语-过去分词done-作定语和宾语补足语最先出现在Clarissa Study。