省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法手段。

凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子都是省略句。

一般说来，只要不损害语法结构或者引起歧义，能省略的就应省略。省略不仅使句子结构显得紧凑，而且也是分句和分句之间的承接纽带。

例如：

1．A：Oh，I just love nachos mexican cornchips covered with cheese.  B：Me，too.

2．A：So it’s the food of many different cultures，all in one dish?          B：Exactly.

3．A real mix of cultures here!

4．Can’t wait!

简单句中的省略

(1)主语的省略：祈使句可省去主语。

①Hand me the hammer，will you?

除祈使句外，还有其他省去主语的情况。

②Don’t know.                                      省略了：I

③Looks like rain.                                 省略了：It

(2)谓语或谓语的一部分的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的谓语是什么。

④Anything you want to tell me?         省略了：Is there

⑤The students still waiting？             省略了：Are

(3)主语和谓语，或主语和谓语的一部分的省略。

⑥—The movie starts at 8：30，and we can have a quick bite before we go.

—Sounds great. See you at 8：10.

省略了：It

⑦Going to town？                              省略了：Are you

(4)宾语的省略。

阅读下列句子，指出句子省略的宾语是什么。

⑧—Where should we go？                —I don’t care. Anywhere you want.

省略了：where we go

(5)表语的省略。

⑨—Are these your friends？             —Yes，they are.        省略了：my friends

(6)系动词的省略

有些省略结构省去了系动词，尤其在口语中。

⑩Everything in good condition.          省略了：is

(7)不定式的省略

A．答语中的有些动词后跟不定式做宾语时，可将其动词省略，而保留to，这样的动词或短语常见的有want，wish，expect，hope，like，love，try，forget，prefer，mean，be going to，be about to，be supposed to等。

⑪—Will you go with me？                        —Yes，I’d like to(go with you)．

B．如果做宾语的不定式是be动词或完成时态，则需在to之后加上be或have。

⑫—Are you a doctor？                              —No，but I want to be.

⑬—He hasn’t finished his homework.       —He ought to have.

C．两个或两个以上的不定式并列，第一个带to，后面的常可省略to。

⑭My job is to look after the children and teach them English.

但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时，则to都不能省略。

⑮To be for the plan or to be against it doesn’t matter.

赞成或反对这项计划都不要紧。

D．当不定式做表语时，如果前面主语中出现实义动词do及其各种形式，则不定式中的to常可省略。

⑯What he wants to do is go home.

E．感官动词和使役动词后面做宾语补足语的不定式要省略to(help后的to可带可不带)。

⑰I saw a boy fall down from the tree.

⑱I’ll help you(to) do the work.

F．介词but前面有动词do，后面的不定式可省略to。

⑲He can do nothing but lie down and sleep.

并列句中的省略

并列句中后面分句与前面分句的相同部分常可省略。

①They don’t agree with you and neither do I.          省略了：agree with you

②She was poor but honest.                                      省略了：she was

复合句中的省略

(1)宾语从句中的省略

A．以特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将重复内容省略，只保留特殊疑问词。

①You are unhappy. Can you tell me why?               省略了：you are unhappy

B．当用I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等做答句时，后面常用省略形式。

②—Do you think it will rain？                                —I guess so.

常用表达：

I hope so.我希望如此。

I hope not.我希望不会。

I’m afraid so/not.恐怕如此/不是。

I think/believe/guess/expect/suppose so.我认为/相信/猜/希望/认为是这样的。

C．在宾语从句中常省略连词，但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词that可省略。

③He told me(that)she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever.

(2)定语从句中的省略

A．在限制性定语从句中做宾语的关系代词that，which，whom可省略。

④He is one of the men(whom) I can trust.

B．修饰way的关系副词that(＝in which)可以省略。

⑤This is the way(that/in which)he studies.

C．在非正式用语中，关系代词as后面的主谓结构可省略。

⑥He gave the same answer as(he had given) before.

(3)状语从句中的省略

A．在时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果其主语和主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it且从句中谓语动词包含be，常把从句的主语和be省略。

⑦Unless necessary，you’d better not refer to the dictionary.       省略了：it is

⑧Be careful when crossing the street.        省略了：you are

B．在比较状语从句中，than或as后面的部分可省略。

⑨I’m taller than she.                            省略了：is

⑩I hate him as much as you.               省略了：hate him

(4)虚拟语气中的省略

在if引导的虚拟语气中，如果从句中含有助动词were，had(done)，should，则可省去if，把were，had，should提到从句句首。

⑪Had the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.

Mindmap解析

习题-Exercises

一、单句语法填空

1．Some of you may have finished unit one. If __________，you can go on to unit two.

2．—What’s the matter with Della?

—Well, her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party, but she still hopes __________．

3．When __________ (complete)，the museum will be open to the public next year.

4．—Are you a volunteer now?

—No, but I used __________ (be). I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.

5．__________ (shall) he come, the problem would be settled.

6．—The war is very likely to break out in the near future.

—I am afraid __________．If the situation goes as it is.

7．—I’ll be away on business. Would you mind looking after my cat?

—I’d be glad __________．

8．They landed safely on the island in the Pacific. Everything went on better than ______ (expect)．

9．She hurriedly left the room as if __________ (anger)．

10．What surprised me was not what he said but __________ (way) he said it.

二、完成句子

1．如果你愿意，可以这么做。You can do it __________________________．

2．这座城市再也不是过去那样了。The city is no longer __________________________．

3．尽管我们都精疲力竭，但我们都没有停下来。__________________________，we didn’t stop.

4．房间虽然不大，却很亮堂。__________________________，the room is well lit.

5．要是明天下雨的话，我就待在家里不出去。__________________________ tomorrow，I would stay at home.

KEYS：

一、单句语法填空

1． If so，you can go on to unit two.

2．but she still hopes to．

3．When completed(complete)，

4. —No, but I used to be(be). I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.

5．Should(shall) he come, the problem would be settled.

6．—I am afraid so．If the situation goes as it is.

7．—I’d be glad to．

8． Everything went on better than expected(expect)．

9．She hurriedly left the room as if angry(anger)．

10．What surprised me was not what he said but the way(way) he said it.

二、完成句子

1． if you want to．                           2．what it used to be．

3．Though worn out                           4．Though not large，     5．Should it rain tomorrow

省略句最先出现在Clarissa Study。