句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1)主语(subject)
一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。比如:
1. The room is very clean. (名词)
2. We often speak English. (代词)
3. To teach them English is my job.(动词不定式)
4. Swimming is good for our health. (动名词)
5. What we need is food. (从句)
6. The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)
2)谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”,“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词,体现时态和语态,一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如: He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语:
a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。
如:He can speak English.
b. 助动词:帮助构成时态和语态,不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。
He doesn’t like speaking Chinese.
I have seen the film before.
He didn’t finish his homework last night.
3) 表语(predicative)
表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样,它一般位于系动词之后,构成主系表结构,说明主语的状况,性质,特征等。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。
常见的系动词:
1. 表状态:be
2. 表感官:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
3. 表变化:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come
4. 表持续,保持:keep, remain, stay, hold, rest
5. 表似乎,像:seem,appear
例子:划线部分均为表语:
1. I am a teacher. (名词)
2. I am ten. (数词)
3. He became rich and successful. (形容词)
4. They are at home now. ( 介词短语)
4)宾语(object)
宾语:表示动作所涉及的对象,内容或承受者。
宾语的种类:动宾:动词+宾语 介宾:介词+宾语
1. He is playing the piano.(名词)
2. He often helps me.(代词)
3. He likes to watch TV. (动词不定式)
4. He likes watching TV. (动词ing)
5)宾语补足语(object complement)
英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。
1. We called him Dongming.(名词)
2. We saw him playing soccer. (现在分词)
3. We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)
4. We found math difficult.(形容词)
6) 双宾语:IO +DO
直接宾语:在动词后所跟的双宾语中,表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object(简称“直宾”),表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)。
1.He read us the text. → He read the text to us.
2.My sister wrote me a letter. → My sister wrote a letter to me.
3.Henry teaches us English. → Henry teaches English to us.
4.My mother bought me a watch. → My mother bought a watch for me.
5.Her mother made her a cake. → Her mother made a cake for her.
7)定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。
◆These are apple trees. 这些是苹果树。(名词)
◆The men here are always busy working on the farm. 这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词)
◆There is nothing to do today. 今天没有事要做。(不定式)
◆The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(现在分词、过去分词短语)
8) 状语(adverbial)
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的,比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。
1. Tom runs quickly.
2. I get up at six every day.
3. I play soccer very well.
4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
9) 同位语(appositive)
若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语。
◆We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
◆Professor Wang, a famous scientist, will give us a talk tomorrow.王教授,一位著名的科学家,明天将给我们做报告。
简单句的基本句型结构
简单句:英语中简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。
英文的基本句型有五种,它们是:
1. 主 + 系 + 表 (SVP)
英文中的系动词主要是指be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有:appear(相似、显得),become , come(变得) , feel(摸起来) , fall(变得) , get(变得) , grow(变得) , hold(保持) , keep ,look,remain(仍然是) , seem , stand(保持) , stay(保持) , smell , sound , turn(变成) , taste等。
Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。
主语 系动词 表语
Computers are useful [in people’s life]. 电脑在人们的生活中很有用。
主语 系动词 表语 状语
2. 主 + 谓(SV)
这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语;但常带有状语。例如:
The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。
主语 谓语
The little boy is crying. 小男孩正在哭泣。
主语 谓语
3. 主 + 谓+ 宾(SVO)
这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中,当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时,它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过,为避免不必要的重复,才会省去。),否则会视为”句子不完整”。
He is watching TV. 他正在看电视。
主语 谓语 宾语
4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)
此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:”间接宾语”多由代词或名词充当;”直接宾语”,往往由名词充当。这类句型常有”给某人某物”、”送某人某物”、”留给某人某物”等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有:buy, bring, get(给某人弄到……), give, hand, lend, leave(留给某人…… ), pay, pass(递给某人……), read, rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send, show, tell , take(给某人拿……), teach , write等。例如:
这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”,直接宾语常常指“物”。
He bought me a birthday present.他给我买了一份生日礼物。
主语 谓语(及物动词) 间接宾语 直接宾语
I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。
主语 谓语(及物动词) 间接宾语 直接宾语
常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词
(1) give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, pass, allow, return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。
◆Please hand him a book! =Please hand a book to him! 请递给他一本书。
(2) buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。
◆Her father bought her a bike.=Her father bought a bike for her. 她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。
5. 主 + 谓+ 宾 + 宾补(SVOOC)
有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即:宾语 + 宾语补足语)。在这一结构中,宾语补足语是对宾语”做什么”、”怎么样”等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有:
ask(请求,要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe , call(称) , cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find , get(使得) , have(使,让) , hear , imagine(想象) , keep , let , listen to , look at ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see , smell, watch(注视,看) , tell等等。
这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。 迈克告诉我不要现在走。
Mike told me 〈not to go now〉.
主语 谓语(及物动词) 宾语 宾语补足语
They painted the door 〈green〉. 他们把门漆成绿色。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
Mindmap解析
注意三种句型
1. there be句型
There be 句型是英语中常用句型, 意思是”有”,表示”人或事物的存在”或”某地有某物”。There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即就近原则”,如:
There is a lamp on the table.
There are some apples in the bowl.
There are five books, two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler, two pens and five books in the school bag.
2. 主语+谓语+状语(S+V+Ad)
They talked [for half an hour]. 他们谈了半个小时。
主语 谓语 状语
The time passed [quickly]. 时光飞逝。
主语 谓语(不及物动词) 状语
3. 主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+Ad)
I had my first maths class [in senior high]. 在高中我上了第一堂数学课。
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
I waited for him [at the school gate]. 我在校门口等他。
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
Exercises
一.辨别下面句子的类型
1. I arrived at six last night.
2. The grass turned green in spring.
3. Please tell me a story before I go to bed.
4. I bought a good English-Chinese Dictionary yesterday.
5. I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.
6. Tom is an American boy.
7. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
8. I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
9. The old man works in a hospital.
10. I’ll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart.
二.根据要求转换句子
1. The old man is telling stories ___________ the children in the Long March. (加介词)
2. Please show your picture ___________ me. (加介词)
3. My mother will buy a good watch ___________ you. (加介词)
4. I am making a new dress ___________ my sister. (加介词)
5. My sister likes meat very much. (变为否定句)
6. There are some bananas on the table. (变为一般疑问句)
7. There is a bottle and a glass under the chair. (变为否定句)
8. She can speak a little Chinese now. (就划线部分提问)
KEYS:
一. 1. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)
2. S V P (主+系+表)
3. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)
4. S V O (主+谓+宾)
5. S V O OC (主+谓+宾+宾补)
6. S V P (主+系+表)
7. There be(存在句结构)
8. S V O Ad (主+谓+宾+状语)
9. S V Ad (主+谓+状语)
10. S V IO DO (主+谓+ 间宾 +直宾)
二. 1. to 2. to 3. for 4. for
5. My sister doesn’t like meat very much
6. Are there any bananas on the table?
7. There isn’t a bottle and a glass under the chair.
8. What can she speak now?